Importing deciduous wood chips from North America to northern Europe – the risk of introducing bark- and wood-boring insects

Flø, Daniel; Krokene, Paal; Økland, Bjørn

doi:10.1080/02827581.2013.863380

Cited by 17 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…All can be vectors of DED but most notable is the large elm bark beetle Scolytus scolytus (F.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Hylurgopinus rufipes Eichhoff native to North America is a minor pest of U. glabra (EPPO, ), and if introduced to Britain would probably be a very effective vector of DED (Flø, Krokene, & Økland, ).…”

Section: Herbivory and Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Flora of the British Isles: Ulmus glabra

2018

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This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Ulmus glabraHudson (wych elm) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history and conservation.2. Ulmus glabra is a large forest tree, and often an important canopy tree in ancient and semi-natural woodlands. It is primarily native to the north and west of Britain and much of mainland Europe. It is the only elm native to Ireland. It is the most distinct of the British elms in that it rarely suckers and sets abundant viable seed.Although found on limestone screes and cliffs, and hedgerows, it is primarily a woodland tree, especially on moist, basic soils. In many secondary woodlands, it often co-occurs with Acer pseudoplatanus and has ecological needs that are similar to Fraxinus excelsior. 3.Ulmus glabra has clusters of c. 25 hermaphrodite flowers appearing before the leaves on previous year's growth. Seeds are wind-dispersed, falling in April to July, but remain viable for only a few days. Nevertheless, seedling establishment can be abundant. Hybridisation with other northern European elms is common but hybrids are notoriously difficult to identify and therefore probably under-recorded.4. The health and survival of wych elm in Europe has been seriously compromised since the 1970s due to Dutch elm disease caused by the fungus Ophiostoma novoulmi, transmitted by elm bark beetles (Scolytus spp.). To the south of its Scottish stronghold, many elms are reduced to small trees regrowing from basal sprouts or seeds. These trees tend to be reinfected once trunk diameter exceeds 10 cm.Fortunately for its long-term survival, seed production usually begins a number of years before they are reinfected.

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Section: Herbivory and Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Flora of the British Isles: Ulmus glabra

2018

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“…In North America alone, 282 species depend on ash, with 43 of them assumed to be threatened if ash should be lost (Gandhi and Herms ; Flø et al. ). In Europe, Mitchell et al.…”

Section: Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Europe, the costs of alien species are estimated to reach € 12.5 billion per year, caused by approximately 11 000 species (Flø et al. ). APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USA) has already spent more than $30 million per year on the national EAB programme (Kovacs et al.…”

Section: Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A new forest pest in Europe: a review of Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) invasion

Valenta¹,

Moser²,

Kapeller³

et al. 2016

J Applied Entomology

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In this publication, we review the biology, ecology, invasion history, impacts and management options of Emerald ash borer (EAB) Agrilus plannipennis, with a particular focus on its invasion in Europe. Agrilus planipennis (EAB) is a wood‐boring beetle native to East Asia. Having caused massive damages on ash species in North America in the last decades, it was first recorded in Europe in 2003 in Russia (Moscow). All ash (Fraxinus) species native to Europe and North America are known to be susceptible to EAB attacks, which cause high tree mortality even among formerly healthy trees. Recorded expansion rates are between 2.5 and 80 km/year in North America and between 13 and 41 km/year in European Russia. Given current expansion rates, EAB is expected to reach Central Europe within 15–20 years. A combination of mechanical, biological and chemical control and phytosanitary measures may reduce its impact, which nevertheless most likely will be substantial. There is an urgent need to identify native enemies in Europe, to test suitable biocontrol agents and to develop early detection and management measures. Although it is obvious that EAB will become a major pest in Europe, early and dedicated response will likely be able to reduce the level of ash mortality, and thus improve the opportunity for long‐term survival of ash as an important component in European forests.

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“…The growth in movement of wood chips increases the risk of imported material being infested with various insect pests, including EAB mentioned above and other highly damaging bark-and wood-boring Agrilus beetles, amongst others (Flø, et al 2014). The risk of new introductions can only increase proportionately and there are concerns that phytosanitary regulations and the ability to inspect the large volumes of imported biomass are inadequate.…”

Section: The Biomass Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%