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A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of biochar-compost on availability of P for maize cultivation in a concretionary Lixisol of northern Ghana and residual soil characteristics thereof. Sawdust biochar was co-composted with kitchen waste and cow dung in various proportions. Four biochar-composts were selected based on their superior carbon and available P content, lower pH, and electrical conductivity (EC). These were amended to attain the standard phosphorus requirement (SPR) and half the SPR of the Lixisol. Triple superphosphate and (NH4)2 SO4 were, respectively, applied as inorganic fertilizer to meet the SPR and the average total nitrogen of the selected biochar-compost treatments. A control without any soil amendment was included. Maize was grown to tasseling (eight weeks) and shoot dry matter and P uptake determined. A 2.71 to 3.71-fold increase in P uptake led to a 1.51 to 2.33-fold increase in shoot dry matter in biochar-compost-amended soils over the control. Residual soil C, pH, and total and available P in the biochar-compost-amended soils were enhanced. Biochar-composts at half the SPR level produced maize with higher shoot dry matter than the equivalent inorganic amendment at full SPR.

Carbon materials and their allotropes have been involved significantly in our daily lives. Zero-dimensional (0D) fullerenes, one-dimensional (1D) carbon materials, and two-dimensional (2D) graphene materials have distinctive properties and thus received immense attention from the early 2000s. To meet the growing demand for these materials in applications like energy storage, electrochemical catalysis, and environmental remediation, the special category, i.e., three-dimensional (3D) structures assembled from graphene sheets, has been developed. Graphene oxide is a chemically altered graphene, the desired building block for 3D graphene matter (i.e., 3D graphene macrostructures). A simple synthesis route and pore morphologies make 3D reduced-graphene oxide (rGO) a major candidate for the 3D graphene group. To obtain target-specific 3D rGO, its synthesis mechanism plays an important role. Hence, in this article, we will discuss the general mechanism for 3D rGO synthesis, vital procedures for fabricating advanced 3D rGO, and important aspects controlling the growth of 3D rGO.

Agriculture is an important component of the concept of sustainable development. Given the projected population growth, sustainable agriculture must accomplish food security while also being economically viable, socially responsible, and having the least possible impact on biodiversity and natural ecosystems. Deep learning has shown to be a sophisticated approach for big data analysis, with several successful cases in image processing, object identification, and other domains. It has lately been applied in food science and engineering. Among the issues and concerns addressed by these systems were food recognition; quality detection of fruits, vegetables, meat, and aquatic items; food supply chain; and food contamination. In precision agriculture, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a commonly used technology for estimating food quality. It is especially important when evaluating crops at different phases of harvest and postharvest. Crop disease and damage detection is a high-priority activity because some postharvest diseases or damages, such as decay, can destroy crops and produce poisons that are toxic to humans. In this paper, we use Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)-based U-Net, DeepLab, and Mask R-CNN models to detect and predict postharvest deterioration zones in stored apple fruits. Our approach is unique in that it segmented and predicted postharvest decay and nondecay zones in fruits separately. This review will focus on postharvest physiology and management of fruits and vegetables, including harvesting, handling, packing, storage, and hygiene, to reduce postharvest loss (PHL) and improve crop quality. It will also cover postharvest handling under extreme weather conditions and potential impacts of climate change on vegetable postharvest and postharvest biotechnology on PHL.

Chlorpyrifos belongs to an organophosphate pesticides group that is frequently used to increase the yield of crops by controlling plant and pests-related diseases. Chlorpyrifos contaminates the environment and cause diseases to the human population. Molecularly imprinting technology lead to the development of molecularly imprinted polymers having templated oriented cavities with high selectivity, sensitivity, stability, and portability. Our review article aims to provide a collective study related to pesticides detection through molecularly imprinted polymers with existed constraints and necessary potential facets are discussed.

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The aromatic rice represents a smaller but independent rice collection, the quality of which is considered to be highly acceptable. Farmers are interested in growing aromatic rice due to high premium market price. The prime objective of this study was to enhance genetic improvement of aromatic rice. Combining ability analysis (GCA and SCA) and gene action are studied in a set of 7 × 7 half-diallel crosses. Twenty-one hybrids along with their seven parents were assessed in randomized complete block design. Different quantitative characters were used to estimate the magnitude of heterosis. GCA and SCA significance for all traits revealed the importance of both additive and nonadditive genetic components. Several genes determine quantitative traits, with each gene having very little impacts and being easily influenced by environmental factors. Pusa Basmati-1 and Govindobhog were the best combiners among the seven parents. In terms of per se performance, heterosis, and SCA effects on seed yield per plant and important yield qualities, the crosses BM-24 Deharadun Pahari, Baskota × Tulaipanji, and Pusa Basmati-1 × Tulaipanji may be of interest. Because of its interconnected processing properties, ANN can play a critical role in this experiment. As a result, the current study was carried out to collect data and validate it using an artificial neural network (ANN) on the combining ability, gene action, and heterosis involved in the expression of diverse fragrant rice features. Using ANN, the validation of the result was done and it was found that the overall efficiency was approximately 99%.

Bioplant is a liquid soil conditioner that contains a consortium of beneficial fungi and bacteria manufactured by Artemis and Angel Company Limited in Bangkok. Bioplant is purported to stimulate beneficial microbial activity in soil and hence increase crop yield. However, the efficacy of Bioplant has not been evaluated on Ghanaian soils. A screen house trial was consequently conducted to evaluate the efficacy or otherwise of Bioplant on the yield of lettuce in a Rhodic Kandiustalf amended with or without compost. The soil was mixed with compost at 20 parts soil to 80 parts compost and 60 parts soil to 40 parts compost (v/v) and potted in 1.7-L pots. There was another potted soil with no compost amendment. To each of these potted soils, Bioplant was applied at four rates, viz., zero, half the manufacturer's recommended rate, the manufacturer's recommended rate, and twice the manufacturer's recommended rate, and allowed to equilibrate for 2 weeks. Seedlings of lettuce of the variety Eden were transplanted into the pots, and the treatments kept at 80% field capacity. The treatments were replicated four times in a completely randomized design. At physiological maturity, the lettuce was harvested, and fresh and dry matter yields were taken. The C and N contents and N uptake in the harvested plants were also determined. Results indicate that conditioning the soil with Bioplant at half and the manufacturer's recommended rates increased N uptake, resulting in higher carbon accumulation with concomitant increases in both fresh and dry matter yields. The results also show that amending the Rhodic Kandiustalf with Bioplant at twice the manufacturer's rate suppressed yield. Application of Bioplant at the manufacturer's recommended rate in combination with compost amended at 40 parts to 60 parts soil (v/v) saw a 47 and 90% respective significant yield increases in fresh weight and dry matter when only Bioplant was applied at the manufacturer's recommended rate. It is therefore recommended for Bioplant to be applied at the manufacturer's recommended rate of 825 mL/ha in combination with 40 parts of compost to 60 parts of soil (v/v).