Numerous academics worldwide are interested in utilizing waste as a resource to produce an epoxide. Epoxidation/ring‐opening of oxirane is a common method for producing polyols from vegetable oil. This study examined the effect of the catalyst type and loading on the ring opening of epoxide groups by utilizing performic acid generated in situ. The outcomes demonstrated that the zeolite catalyst at 0.2 g loading produced the highest conversion of oxirane (RCO%). The FTIR data showed that the epoxy ring group‘s location caused the hydroxyl group‘s (O−H) to be observed at 3100–3600 cm−1 in the placement of the epoxy ring group (C−O−C) at 1210–1250 cm−1. Finally, optimization and kinetic modeling using artificial neural networks, abbreviated as Neural Network, is a model of the human brain that is abstracted, simulated, and trained to obtain the value of R closest to 1.
The global consumption of raw materials has shifted from the use of non-renewable materials to renewable materials. Studies on greener epoxidation by using vegetable oils to produce eco-friendly epoxides have also increased. In this study, the epoxidation of palm oleic acid was carried out by in situ generated performic acid. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the products was conducted to confirm the success of the epoxidation. Lastly, a mathematical model was developed using the numerical integration of the 4 th order Runge-Kutta method, and the results showed good agreement between the simulation and experimental data, which validates the kinetic model.
Background: Greener epoxidation by using vegetable oil to create an eco-friendly epoxide is being studied because it is a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly commodity that is safer than non-renewable materials. The aim of this research is to come up with low-cost solutions for banana trunk acoustic panels with kinetic modelling of epoxy-based palm oil. Method: In this study, the epoxidation of palm oleic acid was carried out by in situ performic acid to produce epoxidized palm oleic acid. Results: Banana trunk acoustic panel was successfully innovated based on the performance when the epoxy was applied. Lastly, a mathematical model was developed by using the numerical integration of the 4th order Runge-Kutta method, and the results showed that there is a good agreement between the simulation and experimental data, which validates the kinetic model. Conclusion: Overall, the peracid mechanism was effective in producing a high yield of epoxy from palm oleic acid that is useful for the improvement of acoustic panels based on the banana trunk.
Paper as a material, is useful. For this reason, the paper industry has contributed widely to the economy. This is also true for advancement in the technology for recycled papers. Paper fibre or paper pulp however is depleting due to extensive deforestation and loggings which in turn leads to problems such as global warming. Further, eggshell waste is a material found to be useful to produce papers. As such, this study intends to find out the possibilities of using eggshell waste and waste papers to produce papers. To carry out the research, the optimum ratio of fibre in the paper pulp was determined by the maximum strength of recycled paper produced. Eggshell waste was collected from a food court. The eggshells were then separated from their membrane, dried in the sun and grinded. It was then mixed with paper pulp according to the measured ratio. The study found that paper from a combination of eggshell fibre waste against waste paper was able to be produced and the optimum ratio was 2:8 because it had the highest tensile strength. The eggshell waste can be used as a material that enhanced the mechanical properties of recycled paper.
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