Hydroxamic acids are an important class of molecules, in particular because of their metal-chelating ability. Microorganisms, including pathogenic bacteria, use hydroxamate-based entities (siderophores), among others, to acquire Fe (III). The "Trojan horse" strategy exploits the need of bacteria for this metal by using Fe (III) active transporters to carry antibacterial or bactericidal moieties into the bacterial cell. Many natural Trojan horses (sideromycins) are derived from hydroxamic acids, thereby reflecting their potency. Various artificial sideromycins and their antibacterial activities have been reported. This review discusses the structural aspects of the hydroxamate-siderophores isolated in the last two decades, the chemical synthesis of their building blocks, their binding affinity towards Fe (III), and their application as Trojan horses (weaknesses and strengths).

2020 has been an extremely difficult and challenging year as a result of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and one in which most efforts have been channeled into tackling the global health crisis. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved 53 new drug entities, six of which fall in the peptides and oligonucleotides (TIDES) category. The number of authorizations for these kinds of drugs has been similar to that of previous years, thereby reflecting the consolidation of the TIDES market. Here, the TIDES approved in 2020 are analyzed in terms of chemical structure, medical target, mode of action, and adverse effects.

From the medical, pharmaceutical, and social perspectives, 2021 has been a year dominated by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, despite this global health crisis, the pharmaceutical industry has continued its endeavors, and 2021 could be considered an excellent year in terms of the drugs accepted by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Thus, during this year, the FDA has approved 50 novel drugs, of which 36 are new chemical entities and 14 biologics. It has also authorized 10 TIDES (8 peptides, 2 oligonucleotides), in addition to 2 antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) whose structures contain peptides. Thus, TIDES have accounted for about 24% of the approvals in the various drug categories. Importantly, this percentage has surpassed the figure in 2020 (10%), thus reflecting the remarkable success of TIDES. In this review, the approved TIDE-based drugs are analyzed on the basis of their chemical structure, medical target, mode of action, administration route, and adverse effects.

2017 was an excellent year in terms of new drugs (chemical entities and biologics) approved by the FDA, with a total of 46. In turn, one of the highlights was the number of peptides (six) included in this list. Here, the six peptides are analyzed in terms of chemical structure, synthetic strategy used for their production, source, therapeutic use, and mode of action.

2019 has been an excellent year in terms of peptides and oligonucleotides (TIDES) approved by the FDA. Despite the drop in the number of total drugs approved by the FDA in 2019 in comparison with 2018 (48 vs. 59), the total number of TIDES authorized increased (seven vs. three). Year after year, TIDES are increasingly present in therapy, as imaging agents, theragnostic and constituent moieties of other complex drugs, such as antibody drug conjugates. This means a consolidation of these kinds of drugs in the pharmaceutical arena, paving the way in the coming years for the approval of others for diverse medical indications. Here the TIDES approved in 2019 are analyzed in terms of chemical structure, medical target, mode of action, and adverse effects.

In 2018, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a total of 59 new drugs, three of them (5%) are TIDES (or also, -tides), two oligonucleotides and one peptide. Herein, the three TIDES approved are analyzed in terms of medical target, mode of action, chemical structure, and economics.

approved by the FDA, with a total of forty-six. In turn, one of the highlights was the number of 14 peptides (six) included in this list. Here, the six peptides are analysed in terms of chemical structure, 15synthetic strategy used for their production, source, biological target, and mode of action. 16

A total of 37 new drug entities were approved in 2022; although that year registered the lowest number of drug approvals since 2016, the TIDES class consolidated its presence with a total of five authorizations (four peptides and one oligonucleotide). Interestingly, 23 out of 37 drugs were first-in-class and thus received fast-track designation by the FDA in categories such as breakthrough therapy, priority review voucher, orphan drug, accelerated approval, and so on. Here, we analyze the TIDES approved in 2022 on the basis of their chemical structure, medical target, mode of action, administration route, and common adverse effects.