The physiological adaptation to training is specific to the muscle activity, dominant energy system involved, muscle groups trained, as well as intensity and volume of training. Despite increasing popularity of snowboarding only little scientific data is available on the physiological characteristics of female and male competitive snowboarders. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the aerobic capacity and maximal anaerobic power of elite Polish snowboarders with untrained subjects. Ten snowboarders and ten aged matched students of Physical Education performed two exercise tests. First, a 30-second Wingate test was conducted and next, a cycle ergometer exercise test with graded intensity. In the first test, peak anaerobic power, the total work, relative peak power and relative mean power were measured. During the second test, relative maximal oxygen uptake and lactate threshold were evaluated. There were no significant differences in absolute and relative maximal oxygen uptake between snowboarders and the control group. Mean maximal oxygen uptake and lactate threshold were significantly higher in men than in women. Significant differences were found between trained men and women regarding maximal power and relative maximal power. The elite snowboarders demonstrated a high level of anaerobic power. The level of relative peak power in trained women correlated negatively with maximal oxygen uptake. In conclusion, our results seem to indicate that the demanding competition program of elite snowboarders provides a significant training stimulus mainly for anaerobic power with minor changes in anaerobic performance.
Nowadays, the dynamic development of technology allows for the design of systems based on various information sources and their integration into hybrid expert systems. One of the areas of research where such systems are especially helpful is emotion analysis. The sympathetic nervous system controls emotions, while its function is directly reflected by the electrodermal activity (EDA) signal. The presented study aimed to develop a tool and propose a physiological data set to complement the psychological data. The study group consisted of 41 students aged from 19 to 26 years. The presented research protocol was based on the acquisition of the electrodermal activity signal using the Empatica E4 device during three exercises performed in a prototype Disc4Spine system and using the psychological research methods. Different methods (hierarchical and non-hierarchical) of subsequent data clustering and optimisation in the context of emotions experienced were analysed. The best results were obtained for the k-means classifier during Exercise 3 (80.49%) and for the combination of the EDA signal with negative emotions (80.48%). A comparison of accuracy of the k-means classification with the independent division made by a psychologist revealed again the best results for negative emotions (78.05%).
Invasive or uncomfortable procedures especially during healthcare trigger emotions. Technological development of the equipment and systems for monitoring and recording psychophysiological functions enables continuous observation of changes to a situation responding to a situation. The presented study aimed to focus on the analysis of the individual’s affective state. The results reflect the excitation expressed by the subjects’ statements collected with psychological questionnaires. The research group consisted of 49 participants (22 women and 25 men). The measurement protocol included acquiring the electrodermal activity signal, cardiac signals, and accelerometric signals in three axes. Subjective measurements were acquired for affective state using the JAWS questionnaires, for cognitive skills the DST, and for verbal fluency the VFT. The physiological and psychological data were subjected to statistical analysis and then to a machine learning process using different features selection methods (JMI or PCA). The highest accuracy of the kNN classifier was achieved in combination with the JMI method (81.63%) concerning the division complying with the JAWS test results. The classification sensitivity and specificity were 85.71% and 71.43%.
Liczne badania wskazują, że dopamina (DA) jest ważnym regulatorem funkcji motorycznych, psychologicznych i kognitywnych. Utrzymanie odpowiedniego stężenia DA jest warunkiem prawidłowego działania tych funkcji. W kontroli syntezy DA bierze udział hydroksylaza tyrozynowa (TH). Celem pracy niniejszej pracy jest omówienie regulacji aktywność TH przy współudziale trzech głównych mechanizmów: 1) post-translacyjnego, z chwili na chwilę, poprzez fosforylację różnych miejsc w cząsteczce enzymu oraz 2) post-transkrypcyjnego, przy współudziale czynników transkrypcyjnych i specyficznych miRNAs, oraz 3) mechanizm regulacji zwrotnej z udziałem DA. Istotnymi czynnikami uczestniczącymi pośrednio lub bezpośrednio w tych regulacjach aktywności TH i stężenia DA są BDNF, testosteron, alfa-synukleina oraz kinazy białkowe. Drastyczne obniżenie poziomu DA w układzie pozapiramidowym powoduje upośledzenie czynności motorycznych, psychologicznych i kognitywnych. Zwiększona aktywność fizyczna, w szczególności długotrwałe powtarzany wysiłek fizyczny zwiększając poziom testosteronu i BDNF we krwi, może aktywować zależne od nich szlaki sygnałowe zwiększając aktywność hydroksylazy tyrozynowej, a tym samym podnosić poziom dopaminy w układzie pozapiramidowym.
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