In our previous study, overexpression of extracellular proteinase inhibitor (Expi) gene accelerated apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells, and induced expression of B cell activating factor (BAFF) gene. In this study, we found induction of BAFFreceptor (BAFF-R) gene expression in the Expi-transfected cells. A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) gene is another TNF family member and the closest known relative of BAFF. We found induction of APRIL gene expression in the Expi-overexpressed apoptotic cells. NF-κB gene was also induced in the Expi-overexpressed cells. Expression patterns of BAFF and APRIL pathway-related genes were examined in in vivo mouse mammary gland at various reproductive stages. Expression levels of BAFF gene were very low at early pregnancy, increased from mid-pregnancy, and peaked at lactation, and thereafter decreased at involution stages of mammary gland. Expression of BAFF-R gene was highly induced in involution stages compared to lactation stages. Thus, expression patterns of BAFF-R gene were correlated to apoptotic status of mammary gland: active apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells occurs at involution stage of mammary gland. Expression levels of NF-κB gene were higher in involution stages compared to lactation stages. We analyzed mRNA levels of bcl-2 family genes from different stages of mammary development. Bcl-2 gene expression was relatively constant during lactation and involution stages. There was a slight increase in bcl-xL gene expression in involution stages compared to lactation state. Bax gene expression was highly induced in involution stage. Our results suggest that signaling pathways activated by both BAFF and ARRIL in mammary gland point towards NF-κB activation which causes upregulation of bax.
The curing characteristics of a photocurable resin are critical factors that often decide the
ultimate resolution and structural sharpness of a final product fabricated by microstereolithography
(μ-STL). In this study, we investigated the curing characteristics of the FA1260T photopolymer
under a visible laser light of 442nm wavelength. Modification of the curing property of the
FA1260T is attempted to reduce the cure depth (Dc) by adding a radical quencher to the resin. Also,
an organic solvent was used to reduce the resin viscosity for an improvement of the flatness of the
liquid surface during layer-by-layer curing. As a result, the minimum Dc has been reduced over a
factor of 3 with no abrupt increase. Samples of three dimensional microstructures fabricated using
the modified FA1260T are presented.
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