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This paper deals with the reflection produced when a waterhammer pressure wave encounters any device that produces a sudden energy loss such as an orifice, a valve, or an elbow. The classical wave theory is used to determine the magnitudes of the reflected and the transmitted waves. The waterhammer equations, with the friction term included, are solved by the method of characteristics. The conditions at a minor loss are studied as a boundary condition to these equations. Agreement between theoretical and experimental pressure-time diagrams is sufficient to validate the theory.

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The concept of ‘reverse’ flow routing in rivers is proposed, in which upstream flow hydrographs are specified from a downstream flow requirement. An example is given of reverse flow routing by the implicit method of solution of the equations of momentum and continuity. Reverse flow routing is further described in the context of the x‐t plane, and then the point is made that solutions were not found in all possible directions of computation in the x‐t plane. Solutions were found only in the directions of increasing time and decreasing distance (upstream).

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