“…Some of the notable two-dimensional (while all the devices are 3D by definition, useful insight is often obtained by performing a 2D analysis) and three-dimensional approaches used to evaluate the singular integrals are discussed in [1,2] and [3,4,5,6,7] and the references in these papers. It is wellunderstood that many of the difficulties in the available BEM solvers stem from the assumption of nodal concentration of singularities which leads to various mathematical difficulties and to the infamous numerical boundary layers [8,9,33] when the source is placed very close to the field point ( [2] and references [4][5][6] therein). While mathematical singularities (that occur when the source and field points coincide) have been shown to be artifacts, several techniques have been used to remove difficulties related to physical or geometrical singularities (that occur when boundaries are degenerate, i.e., geometrically singular, or due to a jump in boundary conditions) such as gaussian quadrature integration, mapping techniques for regularization, bicubic transformation, nonlinear transformation and dual BEM techniques [8].…”