The subcutaneous adipose tissue provides a clear advantage over other mesenchymal stem cell sources due to the ease with which it can be accessed, as well as the ease of isolating the residing stem cells. Human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs), localized in the stromal-vascular portion, can be isolated ex vivo using a combination of washing steps and enzymatic digestion. In this study, we report that microfragmented human lipoaspirated adipose tissue is a better stem cell source compared to normal lipoaspirated tissue. The structural composition of microfragments is comparable to the original tissue. Differently, however, this procedure activates the expression of antigens, such as b-tubulin III. The hADSCs derived from microfragmented lipoaspirate tissue were systematically characterized for growth features, phenotype, and multipotent differentiation potential. They fulfill the definition of mesenchymal stem cells, although with a higher neural phenotype profile. These cells also express genes that constitute the core circuitry of self-renewal such as OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG, and neurogenic lineage genes such as NEUROD1, PAX6, and SOX3. Such findings suggest further studies by evaluating Microfrag-AT hADSC action in animal models of neurodegenerative conditions.

cer (30) give rise to future applications of 2D pH sensors in studying tumor metabolism. AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by grants from the German Research Foundation DFG (grants BA3410/4-1 and WO669/9-1). Traumasept Wound Gel was supplied by Dr. August Wolff GmbH & Co. KG (Bielefeld, Germany). Author contributionsS.S., R.J.M., O.S.W. and P.B. conceived the experiments. S.S., R.J.M., K.T.W., J.C. and D.F. performed the experiments. S.S., R.J.M. and D.F. analysed the data. S.S. and R.J.M. wrote the paper. S.G. helped to interpret data. Conflict of interests Supporting InformationAdditional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article: Figure S1. Region of interest in a split skin donor site wound. Figure S2. Demonstration of complete sensor removal. Figure S3. Visualization of pH heterogeneity in wounds. Figure S4. Visualization of bacteria-induced pH changes. , via A. di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy, Tel.: +390250323032, Fax: +390250323033, e-mail: alfredo.gorio@unimi.it Abstract: Hair follicle (HF) regression is characterized by the activation of apoptosis in HF cells. Dermal papilla cells play a leading role in the regulation of HF development and cycling. Human follicular dermal papilla cells (HFDPC) were used to investigate the protective activities of rutin, sperimidine and zeaxanthine. HFDP cell incubation with staurosporine caused apoptosis, which was completely inhibited by exposure to rutin (2.2 lM), spermidine (1 lM) and zeaxanthin (80 lM). These agents were much less effective when applied as single compounds. Moreover, treatment preserved the expression of anti-apoptotic molecules such as Bcl-2, MAP-kinases and their phosphorylated forms. In conclusion, the investigated agents may represent an effective treatment for the prevention of apoptosis, one of the leading events involved in hair bulb regression.

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