Many substances are used in the production of biomaterials: metals (titanium), ceramics (alumina), synthetic polymers (polyurethanes, silicones, polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA), copolymers of lactic and glycolic acids (PLGA), polyanhydrides, polyorthoesters) and natural polymers (chitosan, glycosaminoglycans, collagen). With the rapid development in tissue engineering, these different biomaterials have been used as three-dimensional scaffolds and cell transplant devices. The principal biochemical and biological characteristics of the collagen-based biomaterials are presented, including their interactions with cells (fibroblasts), distinct from those of synthetic polymers, and their potential use in gene therapy through the formation of neo-organs or organoids.
Collagen-based films and sponges are widely used as biomaterials. The rate of their biodegradation can be reduced by treating them with different cross-linking agents. The efficiency of different reticulation procedures on thermal stability (measured by differential scanning calorimetry) and susceptibility to bacterial collagenase digestion of the final material (films or sponges) is compared. The chemical agents used on collagen gels or directly on collagen sponges and films were glutaraldehyde (GTA), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDC), cyanamide, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and the two acyl azide methods (with hydrazine or diphenylphosphorylazide (DPPA)) developed in the authors' laboratory. Under these experimental conditions, collagen stabilization by the different agents increased in the following order: cyanamide < EDC < HMDC < hydrazine < DPPA < GTA. Sponges with the highest thermal stability were obtained by treating collagen gel with 0.5% GTA for 1 h at pH 5.5 (initial T~=75.8°C; after 3 months, Ta=75.6°C). Direct treatment of collagen films with DPPA gave similar thermal stability (Ta=72.6 °C) and collagenase resistance when compared with treatment with 0.6% GTA for 96 h (Td =74.6 °C). It is demonstrated that collagen sponges and films can be prepared with a wide range of thermal stability (49-75.8 °C) and collagenase digestion resistance (10-100%). Recent biocompatibility studies show, however, that DPPA and EDC are the best choices for preparing cross-linked collagen sponges and films.
We investigated the effects of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, a member of the transforming growth factor- superfamily, on the regulation of the chondrocyte phenotype, and we identified signaling molecules involved in this regulation. BMP-2 triggers three concomitant responses in mouse primary chondrocytes and chondrocytic MC615 cells. First, BMP-2 stimulates expression or synthesis of type II collagen. Second, BMP-2 induces expression of molecular markers characteristic of pre-and hypertrophic chondrocytes, such as Indian hedgehog, parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormonerelated peptide receptor, type X collagen, and alkaline phosphatase. Third, BMP-2 induces osteocalcin expression, a specific trait of osteoblasts. Constitutively active forms of transforming growth factor- family type I receptors and Smad proteins were overexpressed to address their role in this process. Activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)-1, ALK-2, ALK-3, and ALK-6 were able to reproduce the hypertrophic maturation of chondrocytes induced by BMP-2. In addition, ALK-2 mimicked further the osteoblastic differentiation of chondrocytes induced by BMP-2. In the presence of BMP-2, Smad1, Smad5, and Smad8 potentiated the hypertrophic maturation of chondrocytes, but failed to induce osteocalcin expression. Smad6 and Smad7 impaired chondrocytic expression and osteoblastic differentiation induced by BMP-2. Thus, our results indicate that Smad-mediated pathways are essential for the regulation of the different steps of chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation and suggest that additional Smad-independent pathways might be activated by ALK-2.The development of long bones involves first the formation of cartilage primordia, which prefigure the future skeletal elements, and the replacement of the cartilage by bone. The formation of cartilage is initiated by the condensation and differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes. This commitment to the skeletal lineage progresses through a switch in gene activation and results in the production of a cartilage matrix, which contains predominantly type II collagen and the proteoglycan aggrecan. During replacement of cartilage by bone through the sequence of events called endochondral ossification, chondrocytes enter a process of maturation, characterized by cellular hypertrophy and onset of type X collagen expression (reviewed in Ref. 1). This is followed by vascular invasion, matrix degradation, and replacement of the cartilage by bone marrow and trabecular bone.Chondrocyte differentiation and maturation is thus a central cellular aspect of skeletal development, and a molecular understanding of skeletogenesis requires an understanding of how expression of the chondrocytic phenotype is regulated. The fate of the skeletal cells and their precursors is controlled by the extracellular matrix, growth factors, hormones, and cytokines. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) 1 play a particularly important role in skeletal formation. Although BMPs have been shown to have a broad spectrum of action on proliferati...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.