For any m ≥ 1, let H m denote the quantity lim inf n→∞ (p n+m − p n ). A celebrated recent result of Zhang showed the finiteness of H 1 , with the explicit bound H 1 ≤ 70, 000, 000. This was then improved by us (the Polymath8 project) to H 1 ≤ 4680, and then by Maynard to H 1 ≤ 600, who also established for the first time a finiteness result for H m for m ≥ 2, and specifically that H m m 3 e 4m . If one also assumes the Elliott-Halberstam conjecture, Maynard obtained the bound H 1 ≤ 12, improving upon the previous bound H 1 ≤ 16 of Goldston, Pintz, and Yıldırım, as well as the bound H m m 3 e 2m . In this paper, we extend the methods of Maynard by generalizing the Selberg sieve further and by performing more extensive numerical calculations. As a consequence, we can obtain the bound H 1 ≤ 246 unconditionally and H 1 ≤ 6 under the assumption of the generalized Elliott-Halberstam conjecture. Indeed, under the latter conjecture, we show the stronger statement that for any admissible triple (h 1 , h 2 , h 3 ), there are infinitely many n for which at least two of n + h 1 , n + h 2 , n + h 3 are prime, and also obtain a related disjunction asserting that either the twin prime conjecture holds or the even Goldbach conjecture is asymptotically true if one allows an additive error of at most 2, or both. We also modify the 'parity problem' argument of Selberg to show that the H 1 ≤ 6 bound is the best possible that one can obtain from purely sieve-theoretic considerations. For larger m, we use the distributional results obtained previously by our project to obtain the unconditional asymptotic bound

Abstract. For any n ≥ 0 and k ≥

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The Hales-Jewett theorem asserts that for every r and every k there exists n such that every r-colouring of the n-dimensional grid {1, . . . , k} n contains a combinatorial line. This result is a generalization of van der Waerden's theorem, and it is one of the fundamental results of Ramsey theory. The theorem of van der Waerden has a famous density version, conjectured by Erdős and Turán in 1936, proved by Szemerédi in 1975, and given a different proof by Furstenberg in 1977. The Hales-Jewett theorem has a density version as well, proved by Furstenberg and Katznelson in 1991 by means of a significant extension of the ergodic techniques that had been pioneered by Furstenberg in his proof of Szemerédi's theorem. In this paper, we give the first elementary proof of the theorem of Furstenberg and Katznelson, and the first to provide a quantitative bound on how large n needs to be. In particular, we show that a subset of {1, 2, 3} n of density δ contains a combinatorial line if n is at least as big as a tower of 2s of height O(1/δ 2 ). Our proof is surprisingly simple: indeed, it gives arguably the simplest known proof of Szemerédi's theorem.

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For each t ∈ R, define the entire functionwhere Φ is the super-exponentially decaying functionThis is essentially the heat flow evolution of the Riemann ξ function. From the work of de Bruijn and Newman, there exists a finite constant Λ (the de Bruijn-Newman constant) such that the zeroes of H t are all real precisely when t ≥ Λ. The Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the assertion Λ ≤ 0; recently, Rodgers and Tao established the matching lower bound Λ ≥ 0. Ki, Kim and Lee established the upper bound Λ < 1 2 . In this paper we establish several effective estimates on H t (x + iy) for t ≥ 0, including some that are accurate for small or medium values of x. By combining these estimates with numerical computations, we are able to obtain a new upper bound Λ ≤ 0.22 unconditionally, as well as improvements conditional on further numerical verification of the Riemann hypothesis. We also obtain some new estimates controlling the asymptotic behavior of zeroes of H t (x + iy) as x → ∞.