This book aims to synthesize the latest scientific literature into principles and practices relevant to workers in crop pollination. Particular focus is on bee-pollinated crops of significant or emerging economic importance in the temperate developed world, crops for which there is significant literature on bee pollination, and crops for which pollination is historically a limiting factor. Three main sections address the biology of pollination, methods of culturing and conserving bees for optimum pollination, and the pollination requirements and recommendations for individual crops. This last section is dealt with through 42 short chapters on different crops, detailing flowering, pollination requirements and pollinators. The crops covered include arable, vegetable, berry and fruit crops. Appendices list sources of beekeeping supplies, a sample bee-keeper/grower pollination contract, and a table of pesticide toxicity to bees.

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Populations of leaf rollers on apple can be influenced by the proximity of alternative host plants, notably rose, privet, and antelope bush, in part because larval dispersal is common. Indications are that leaf roller population increases caused by parasite decreases are ultimate consequences of pesticide treatments, so that reductions in spray programs will not necessarily cause potential leaf roller pests to become actual pests. The composition of the leaf roller fauna on apple m the Okanagan Valley becomes increasingly complex as the environmental water balance is changed by cultivation and irrigation. There are indications that heavy vehicular traffic can be harmful to leaf rollers and their parasites nearby.

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Five sizes of red spheres (4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 cm diameter) and 2 orientations of yellow rectangles (vertical and V) were evaluated as unbaited sticky-coated traps for western cherry fruit flies, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, in unmanaged cherry trees in Washington and Oregon. Red spheres that were 10 cm in diameter attracted more flies than red spheres that were 8 or 12 cm in diameter and significantly more flies than 4- or 6-cm spheres and yellow rectangles of either orientation. In a 2nd test, red spheres (10 cm diameter) baited with ammonium carbonate alone or ammonium carbonate plus putrescine attracted significantly more R. indifferens than similar spheres baited with ammonium acetate alone, putrescine alone, 3-methyl-1-butanol alone, or combinations of these substances. In a 3rd test, vertical yellow rectangles baited with ammonium carbonate alone attracted numerically more R. indifferens than any of the aforementioned substances alone or in combination. We discuss the potential value of 10-cm red spheres baited with ammonium carbonate for monitoring and direct control of R. indifferens.

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