Summary• The relationship in sugarcane ( Saccharum spp.) between photosynthetic source tissue and sink material was examined through manipulation of the sink:source ratio of field-grown Saccharum spp. hybrid cv. N19 (N19).• To enhance sink strength, all leaves, except for the third fully expanded leaf, were enclosed in 90% shade cloth for varying periods of time. Variations in sucrose, glucose and fructose concentrations were measured and the effects of shading on the leaf gas exchange and fluorescence characteristics recorded. Changes in carbon partitioning caused by shading were examined based on the uptake and translocation of fixed 14 CO 2 .• Following a decline in sucrose concentrations in young internodal tissue and shaded leaves, significant increases in the CO 2 -saturated photosynthetic rate ( J max ), carboxylation efficiency (CE) and electron transport rate were observed in unshaded leaves after 8 d of shading treatment.• It was concluded that up-regulation of source-leaf photosynthetic capacity is correlated with a decrease in assimilate availability to acropetal culm sink tissue. Furthermore, a significant relationship was revealed between source hexose concentration and photosynthetic activity.

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) accumulates sucrose to high concentrations and, as a result, has been the focus of extensive research into the biochemistry and physiology of sucrose accumulation. Despite this, the relationship between source leaf photosynthetic activity and sucrose accumulation in the culm sink is not well understood. The observations that photosynthetic activity declines during culm maturation in commercial cultivars and that high-sucrose-accumulating noble ancestral genotypes (Saccharum officinarum L.) photosynthesize at rates two-thirds of those of low-sucrose ancestors (Saccharum spontaneum L.) indicate that source-sink communication may play a pivotal role in determining sucrose yield. Although maturation of the culm results in a decreased demand for sucrose, recent evidence from partial leaf shading, defoliation, and transgenic studies indicates that sugarcane cultivars are capable of further increases in sugar content. Furthermore, sugarcane leaves appear to retain the capacity to increase the supply of assimilate to culm tissues under conditions of increased assimilate demand. The relationship between source and sink tissues in sugarcane should be viewed within a supply-demand paradigm; an often neglected conceptual approach in the study of this crop. Uncoupling of the signalling pathways that mediate negative feedback between source and sink tissues may result in improved leaf assimilation rates and, consequently, lead to increased sugarcane sucrose yields.

Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) technology was used to gain preliminary insights into gene expression induced by the phytotoxic aluminium species, Al(3+), in sugarcane roots. Roots of hydroponically-grown Saccharum spp. hybrid cv. N19 were exposed to 221 microM Al(3+) at pH 4.1 for 24 h, a regime shown to inhibit root elongation by 43%, relative to unchallenged roots. Database comparisons revealed that, of a subset of 50 cDNAs ostensibly up-regulated by the metal in the root tips, 14 possessed putative identities indicative of involvement in signalling events and the regulation of gene expression, while the majority (28) were of unknown function. All of the 50 cDNAs sequenced displayed significant similarity to uncharacterized plant expressed sequence tags (ESTs), approximately half (23) of which had been derived from other graminaceous crop species that had been subject to a variety of stresses. Analysis of the expression of 288 putative Al(3+)-inducible genic fragments indicated higher levels of expression under oxidative (1 mM diamide for 4 h) rather than Al(3+) stress. By deploying SSH, this study has provided an indication of the nature of genes expressed in sugarcane roots under Al(3+) stress. It is anticipated that the information obtained will guide further exploration of the potential for manipulation of the Al tolerance characteristics of the crop.

These results are consistent with the notion that sink demand may limit source activity through a kinase-mediated sugar signalling mechanism that correlates to a decrease in source hexose concentrations, which, in turn, correlate with increased expression of genes involved in photosynthesis and metabolite transport. The signal feedback system reporting sink sufficiency and regulating source activity may be a potentially valuable target for future genetic manipulation to increase sugarcane sucrose yield.

Constant radiation use efficiency throughout the entire sugarcane crop cycle is often assumed for crop yield forecasting and management purposes. However, several examples are known where the linear relationship between cumulative intercepted radiation and biomass accumulation becomes uncoupled at some stage, with the latter declining by 21% in one reported case. This slowdown in growth is commonly referred to as the reduced growth phenomenon (RGP). In certain instances, this phenomenon appears to be related to the timing of crop initiation and harvesting. Summer-initiated sugarcane crops do not always resume expected growth rates after the transition from winter to spring, despite conditions being favourable for vigorous growth. Possible factors underlying the failure of sugarcane crops to realize full yield potential are reported and interrogated in this review. The potential involvement of lodging, flowering, and tiller mortality have been reviewed and the data suggest that, while such factors may contribute, they are unlikely to be the major causes of sugarcane RGPs. Similarly, reports indicate that temperature cannot account for reduced growth, as rates remain low despite the onset of favourable conditions in spring. In contrast, a decline in specific leaf nitrogen, potential initiation of sugar-mediated source-sink feedback inhibition of photosynthesis, and increased rates of maintenance respiration that occur during sugarcane development and maturation appear to be likely factors contributing to RGPs. An evaluation of areas of sugarcane biology and agronomy that would benefit from further research towards overcoming yield restriction imposed by reduced growth phenomena is provided.

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