This paper expands the notion of extended rivalry as cross‐industry relations within the chain of production and distribution, and argues that firm power resides in the exclusivity and essentiality of the firm's function in the chain. A cross‐section of U.S. manufacturing firms representing components for finished goods, capital goods, and supplies or consumable products is examined. The analysis of the three industry groups by simultaneous equation estimation provides general support for the hypothesis that firm power, as expressed in inter‐industry transactions, and industry structure, is associated with firm profitability.

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Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to test the proposition that religious orientation has a measurable affect on individuals' definitions of market justice and attitudes toward self-employment. Design/methodology/approach-The paper distinguishes between religious orientation and spirituality and defines religious orientation to be either intrinsic or extrinsic. It then examines the modern concept of market justice and hypothesizes that individuals with intrinsic religiosity will have negative opinions of the justice of market exchange while those with extrinsic religiosity will have positive opinions. It is expected that individuals that own their own business or have positive views of self-employment will have positive opinions of the justice of market exchange. Finally, the paper hypothesizes that intrinsic religiosity will lead to higher levels of entrepreneurial behavior once opinion about market justice has been controlled for. The survey instrument was administered to 141 undergraduate business students. Findings-Cluster analysis revealed two clusters; cluster membership was used as a binary dependent variable indicating positive or negative opinions of market justice. The intrinsic religiosity hypothesis is statistically supported. The self-employment hypothesis is only partly supported. The entrepreneurial behavior hypothesis is also statistically supported. Originality/value-This paper examines the concepts of religious orientation and attitudes toward market justice and entrepreneurship. It offers an empirical analysis of value-based attitudes and their impact on entrepreneurial activity, and the importance of religious attitudes on market behaviors.

Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to offer the economic theory of clubs as a potential unifying paradigm for the study of ethnic economies and social capital. Design/methodology/approach-The paper examines the basic concepts of club theory, and reviews the empirical literature. It then applies club theory to the notion of social capital within the context of ethnic communities. It is argued that although various sociological frameworks of social capital and social networks have provided powerful descriptive models of ethnic and immigrant population behaviors, social capital needs to be examined from an economic perspective to increase prescriptive capabilities. Findings-Using club theory the paper conceptualizes the benefits derived from an ethnic grouping-among which social capital can be considered the most important-as a "club" good, supplied at the co-ethnic level and demanded by the various key stakeholders within an ethnic community. While these benefits are at least partially non-rivalrous, they have clear characteristics of excludability and therefore form a "pseudo-public" good. Four propositions are then offered regarding the behavior of ethnic entrepreneurs who draw from these important ethnic resources. Originality/value-This paper offers a new way to examine social capital within ethnic communities. It also provides an economic foundation to begin analyzing optimal economic and social structures within these communities.

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