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Benthic diatoms are widely used in Europe to assess ecological status of running waters. The aim of this study was to develop models to predict average pH and total phosphorus (TP) for European stream monitoring using combined diatom data-sets from Hungary and Sweden. As first step, the relationship between the measured environmental variables and the distribution of the taxa was checked by classification by using cluster-analysis and CCA. Diatom data separated clearly along the main hydrogeochemical parameters (e.g. alkalinity, pH). Concerning nutrients, TP was the most determinant factor. Predictive value of the TP model (r = 0.96) is high only for the Hungarian data and the pH model (r = 0.97) can be used in both phycogeographical regions.

This paper reports on the identification and in vitro characterization of several Trichoderma strains isolated from the Tokaj Wine Region in North-East Hungary. Ten isolates were analyzed and found to consist of six individual species—T. gamsii, T. orientale, T. simmonsii, T. afroharzianum, T. atrobrunneum and T. harzianum sensu stricto. The growth potential of the strains was assessed at a range of temperatures. We also report here on the in vitro biocontrol properties and fungicide tolerance of the most promising strains.

Aliphatic alcohols found in illegally produced spirits can inhibit FMLP-induced O(2)·(-) production by granulocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. Due to their synergistic effects, it is possible that, in combination with ethanol, they may inhibit O(2)·(-) formation in heavy episodic drinkers.

Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) fruit with preharvest anthracnose symptoms, necrotic fruit stalks, and twigs with necrotic buds, and peaks were collected in a Hungarian orchard next to Nágocs, in September 2018. Disease incidence was approximately 15% on a Hungarian bred walnut cultivar ‘Milotai 10’. Similar symptoms were found on Persian walnut in other locations (eg. Milota, Érd, Sarród, and Kocs). Acervuli were observed on necrotic lesions on fruit, and twigs with pale orange conidial masses. Conidia were hyaline, unicellular, and fusiform. Morphometric measurements of conidia showed mean length ± SD × width ± SD = 15.9 ± 1.7 × 4.5 ± 0.4 μm, length/width ratio 1:0.3 (n=100). The fungus was isolaed from conidial masses on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium amended with Chlorampenicol (25 mg/L). A total of 12 isolates were obtained as pure cultures by single-spore isolations and incubated at 23°C in dark for 10 days. The colonies were white to gray or grayish-orange on the upper side and with black spots on the reverse side. The isolates showed morphological characteristics of Colletotrichum acutatum in sensu lato (Jayawardena et al. 2016). Molecular analyses were conducted to identify the exact species. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, actin (ACT), and calmodulin (CAL) partial genes were amplified by ITS1F/ITS4R, ACT512F/ACT783R and CAL1/CAL2 primers (White at al. 1990, Carbone and Kohn 1999, O’Donnell et al. 2000). The sequences of ITS region (GenBank Accession Nos: MK367398-99, MK367401-02) showed 100% identity with C. godetiae sequence. Based on ACT gene (GenBank Accession Nos: MK415991-92, MK415994-95) were 100% identity with the deposited C. godetiae type strains from walnut. The obtained sequences of CAL gene (GenBank Accession Nos: MK415998-99, MK416001-02) were same and showed 100% with other C. godetiae sequences from other host plants. The fungus was identified as Colletotrichum godetiae Neerg. Pathogenicity tests were accomplished in the field and under laboratory conditions (25°C on thermostat) on 10 green ‘Milotai 10’ walnut fruit, and 10 walnut twigs each. Tests were conducted on living trees, collected fruit, and two-year-old twigs by inserting mycelial agar plugs (5 mm in diameter) onto wounded pericarp tissues, which were then wrapped with wet cotton and parafilm. Wounded tissues on 5 fruit and 5 two-year-old twigs were treated with non-colonized PDA plugs as noninoculated controls. After 14 d necrotic lesions 9 to 17 mm in diameter developed on fruit on living trees. Lengths of 12 to 17 mm and width of 7 to 12 mm necrosis was measured on phloem of walnut twigs, and almost two times larger in cambium. No necrosis developed around control wounds. Koch's postulates were fulfilled with the reisolation of the pathogen from symptomatic tissues, isolates were identical morphologically and by sequence analysis of ITS region, ACT, and CAL partial genes to the original isolates. Damm et al. (2012) described two C. godetiae strains associated with walnut, one isolated in Austria and another one of unknown origin. An epidemic event of walnut anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species mainly C. godetiae was reported in France (Da Lio et al. 2018). The pathogen was isolated from nuts, buds, insects, and stems. To our knowledge, this is the first report of anthracnose of walnut fruit caused by C. godetiae in Hungary. Anthracnose caused by C. godetiae, and previously reported C. fioriniae (Varjas et al. 2019) is becoming an increasing preharvest problem on Persian walnut in Hungary.

Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTD) is one of the most important diseases in vineyards worldwide, which can be found in Hungarian vineyards as well. In Hungarian wine regions there is very little information about the occurrence of pathogens which cause GTD, in case of Tokaj wine region there is no knowledge about that, what kind of pathogens can be found in the vineyards. The objective of our research is to assess the situation and occurrence of GTD in Tokaj wine region in cooperation with local specialists, as well as identification of pathogens which were isolated from the diseased trunks by morphological and genetic basis. We were able to isolate endophytic fungi from all sampled grape trunk. The majority of them were determined as Diplodia seriata not only based on colony morphology, but also determined by rDNA sequences.

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