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(UPF), teaches in the Departments of Journalism and Advertising. He is director of the master's degree in Digital Documentation (UPF) and the master's degree in Search Engines (UPF). He has a degree in Educational Sciences, as well as in Library and Information Science. He is an engineer in Computer Science and has a master's degree in Free Software. He is conducting research in web positioning (SEO), usability, search engine marketing and conceptual maps with eyetracking techniques.

Search engine optimization (SEO) constitutes the set of methods designed to increase the visibility of, and the number of visits to, a web page by means of its ranking on the search engine results pages. Recently, SEO has also been applied to academic databases and search engines, in a trend that is in constant growth. This new approach, known as academic SEO (ASEO), has generated a field of study with considerable future growth potential due to the impact of open science. The study reported here forms part of this new field of analysis. The ranking of results is a key aspect in any information system since it determines the way in which these results are presented to the user. The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the relevance ranking algorithms employed by various academic platforms to identify the importance of citations received in their algorithms. Specifically, we analyze two search engines and two bibliographic databases: Google Scholar and Microsoft Academic, on the one hand, and Web of Science and Scopus, on the other. A reverse engineering methodology is employed based on the statistical analysis of Spearman’s correlation coefficients. The results indicate that the ranking algorithms used by Google Scholar and Microsoft are the two that are most heavily influenced by citations received. Indeed, citation counts are clearly the main SEO factor in these academic search engines. An unexpected finding is that, at certain points in time, Web of Science (WoS) used citations received as a key ranking factor, despite the fact that WoS support documents claim this factor does not intervene.

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The visibility of academic articles or conference papers depends on their being easily found in academic search engines, above all in Google Scholar. To enhance this visibility, search engine optimization (SEO) has been applied in recent years to academic search engines in order to optimize documents and, thereby, ensure they are better ranked in search pages (i.e., academic search engine optimization or ASEO). To achieve this degree of optimization, we first need to further our understanding of Google Scholar’s relevance ranking algorithm, so that, based on this knowledge, we can highlight or improve those characteristics that academic documents already present and which are taken into account by the algorithm. This study seeks to advance our knowledge in this line of research by determining whether the language in which a document is published is a positioning factor in the Google Scholar relevance ranking algorithm. Here, we employ a reverse engineering research methodology based on a statistical analysis that uses Spearman’s correlation coefficient. The results obtained point to a bias in multilingual searches conducted in Google Scholar with documents published in languages other than in English being systematically relegated to positions that make them virtually invisible. This finding has important repercussions, both for conducting searches and for optimizing positioning in Google Scholar, being especially critical for articles on subjects that are expressed in the same way in English and other languages, the case, for example, of trademarks, chemical compounds, industrial products, acronyms, drugs, diseases, etc.

Introduction:The World Wide Web has become the primary instrument used by tourists in order to search for information. As a result, tourism websites pertaining to destinations need to be appealing and must convey their brand image in an appropriate, effective manner. However, there is no methodology in place to assess the quality and communicative effectiveness of destination websites that is scientifically sound and universally accepted. The development of such a methodology is one of the tasks we have proposed within the framework of the research project: “New strategies for advertising and promoting Spanish tourism brands online” (CSO2008-02627), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. Method: The project team have developed an interdisciplinary, all-embracing analysis template combining certain automated analyses with other qualitative and quantitative ones. The template comprises a total of 12 subject areas and 154 indicators prepared on the basis of contributions from prominent experts in each of the fields of work. This article sets out the analysis methodology drawn up and possible applications are given. Results: The primary aim of the project is to provide an assessment methodology that would make it possible to optimise destination brand websites, thus providing a tool to support the work of public tourism destination managers

Con el soporte de los proyectos: "Creación y contenido interactivo en la comunicación de información audiovisual: audiencias, diseño, sistemas y formatos. CSO2015-64955-C4-2-R. | "El turista en la Web: hábitos informacionales y selección de destino turístico. ITOURIST" (CSO2014-59896-P) MINECO/FEDER, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España) Plan Nacional de I+D+I".

Cristòfol Rovira is professor at the Communication Department of the Pompeu Fabra University (UPF). He teaches in journalism and advertising programs, in the Master's Degree in Social Communication (UPF), the Master in Digital Documentation (UPF), the Master in Search Engines (UPF) and Master in Management Digital Content (UB -UPF). His research focuses on search engine optimization, usability, search engine marketing, and on concept maps using eye tracking methodology. AbstractIn this paper, we will be carrying out an in-depth analysis of a series of investigations involving concept maps used in eye tracking methodology. First, the background to this kind of research is analyzed: on the one hand we will focus on generic scientific literature about those concept maps with theoretical foundations in the psychology of learning, and second the literature of eye tracking in teaching and learning will be reviewed. Finally, we will center our attention on the way in which the literature for these two areas overlaps. A total of 15 published works on concept maps using eye tracking were located and subsequently the quality of these papers, their visibility, topics, and results were analyzed. The findings show there are very few published works on this subject, all originated from dispersed sources which proved difficult to locate, despite the fact that eye tracking methodology lends itself perfectly to the study of concept maps. We predict that in coming years there will be many more publications in this field. KeywordsConcept maps; Knowledge maps; Graphic organizer; Node-link maps; Eye tracking; Eye movements; Comprehensive analysis; Bibliography; Literature reviews. ResumenEn este artículo se presentan los resultados de una revisión bibliográfica sobre las investigaciones publicadas hasta la fecha sobre mapas conceptuales aplicando la metodología del seguimiento de la mirada. Se estudian los antecedentes de este tipo de trabajos: por un lado la producción científica genérica sobre mapas conceptuales con bases teóricas en la psicología del aprendizaje y por otro lado la metodología del seguimiento de la mirada aplicada a la investigación sobre la enseñanza y el aprendizaje. Finalmente se concreta en la intersección de ambos tipos de trabajos y se reseñan 15 publicaciones sobre mapas conceptuales usando el seguimiento de la mirada. Se analiza la calidad de estos trabajos, su visibilidad, los temas tratados y los resultados obtenidos. Los conclusiones son que hay pocas publicaciones, dispersas y con poca visibilidad y que el seguimiento de la mirada se aplica de forma poco eficiente. A pesar de estas conclusiones, se constata que la metodología del seguimiento de la mirada se adecua muy bien al estudio de los mapas conceptuales y se pronostica que en los próximos años habrán muchos más trabajos en este campo.Nota: Este artículo puede leerse traducido al español en: