The census of the loci classici of 1,400 Italian endemic vascular plants (i.e. not thriving elsewhere with the exception of Corsica and Malta) is here presented and described. The effective place of publication of accepted names, basionyms and homotypic synonyms were identified and critically verified. This often resulted in some change in authorship attribution and, in seven cases, in validation problems (Asperula cynanchica var. lactea var. nov., A. lactea comb. nov., Biscutella laevigata subsp. raffaelliana subsp. nov., Ferulago nodosa subsp. geniculata comb. & stat. nov., Limonium tineoi comb. nov., L. usticanum sp. nov., Noccaea torreana comb. nov.). The geographic information on the loci classici was excerpted from the protologues, as well as information on typification for the taxa described before 1 January 1958. The names without holotype are 796. For 347 names a lecto- or neo-typification is available in literature, while 449 currently accepted taxa still need of type designation.

A B S T R A C TWe conducted a GIS spatial analysis with the aim of providing the first quantitative large-scale overview of the distribution patterns of 1536 type localities (loci classici) of 1216 Italian endemic vascular plants and their relationship with a set of descriptive variables. Whereas some variables were used to model the presence-absence distribution patterns of the type localities for the whole set of endemics as well as for the subset of narrow endemics, others (e.g., presence inside or outside protected areas and Italian Important Plant Areas) were considered with the purpose of assessing potential assets or risks for conservation.The largest number of type localities was found within the Mediterranean biogeographic region (1134),http://dx

The census of the loci classici of 1,227 native, non-endemic vascular plants described from Italy is here presented and described. The effective place of publication of accepted names, basionyms and homotypic synonyms were identified and critically verified. The geographic information on the loci classici was excerpted from the protologues, as well as information on typification for the taxa described before 1 January 1958. The names without a holotype are 1,165. For 591 names a lecto- or neo-typification is available in literature, while 572 currently accepted taxa still need a type designation. For ten of these names showing previous ineffective typification, nomenclatural types are designated here (Allium savii, A. tenuiflorum, Anemone millefoliata, Catapodium tuberculosum, Cynosurus siculus, Filago congesta, Saponaria bellidifolia, Sclerochloa patens, S. zwierleinii, and Vicia leucantha). A new combination (Trisetaria aurea comb. nov.) is proposed. The general picture of the currently accepted taxa of vascular plants described from Italy, including endemics, amounts to 2,631, i.e. about 32% of the native flora currently recorded for the country.

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-Five Greek endemic species of Allium (A. meteoricum, A. parnassicum, A. pilosum, A. luteolum and A. frigidum) are examined. The study, based on field and herbarium investigations, allowed to better define the morphology, karyology and chorology of these critical taxa as well as their relationships.

Allium paniculatum L. is commonly recorded from the Euro-Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian regions. Evidence from literature and herbarium collections revealed that many different taxa of A. sect. Codonoprasum Rchb., all characterized by big size, diffuse and densely flowered umbrella, very long spathe valves, long pedicels, and cylindrical-campanulate perigon, have been wrongly attributed to this species thus affecting records on its geographic distribution and morphological characterization. In order to define the true identity of A. paniculatum, we analyzed specimens coming from the type locality (Don River), and provided details on morphology, ecology, karyology, leaf anatomy, seed morphology and seed coat micro-sculpturing. Taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships with related species of sect. Codonoprasum and with other taxa of different sections were investigated by means of morphological characters and molecular data from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) nrDNA and the trnH-psbA cpDNA region. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference analyses of molecular data recovered two main clades in A. sect. Codonoprasum and clearly separated A. paniculatum from related taxa. The taxonomic implications of these patterns of relationships are discussed. To our knowledge, this is the first study documenting in-depth phylogenetic relationships within A. sect. Codonoprasum.Key words: Allium paniculatum, A. sect. Codonoprasum, karyology, morphology, phylogeny, seed coat sculpturing, taxonomy.For a long time Allium paniculatum L. has been regarded as a remarkably variable species, counting a wide range of morphologically different forms. More than thirty taxa, at specific or lower rank, were included into the A. paniculatum complex, many of which have been gradually recognized as species. The most relevant diacritic characters of this group mainly regard gross size, length of spathes, shape of inflorescence, shape and morphology of some floral traits (Levan, 1937;Wilde-Duyfjes, 1976;Stearn, 1980). Describing A. paniculatum, Linnaeus (1759, pp. 978) just provided this short protologue: "A. caule subteretifolio umbellifero, pedunc. capillaribus effusis, stamin. subulatis, spatha longissima", which was also quoted in Linnaeus (1762, pp. 428). These few diagnostic characters often caused erroneous attributions of specimens and, based on literature and herbarium surveys, several taxa of A. sect. Codonoprasum Rchb., which usually exhibit big size, many-flowered and spread inflorescences, long pedicels, very long spathe valves, and cylindrical-campanulate perigon, have been improperly referred to A. paniculatum. As a matter of fact, the name A. paniculatum has been mistakenly applied to samples of A. dentiferum Webb & Berthel., A. fuscum Waldst. & Kit., A. oleraceum L., A. pallens L., A. tenuiflorum Ten., etc. (Brullo et al., 1991(Brullo et al., , 1996(Brullo et al., , 2001(Brullo et al., , 2003(Brullo et al., , 2008a).Due to these frequent misleading interpretations, main floras and taxonomic revisions on the genus...

Nomenclatural and taxonomical considerations on Kali, a controversial genus recently segregated from the polyphyletic Salsola s. lat. (Chenopodiaceae), are provided. The Kali group includes annual plants with leaves ending in a spine and lacking hypodermis, having also a cortex alternate to longitudinal chlorenchymatous striae. The species belonging to this genus mainly have a paleotemperate distribution (Europe, Asia and North Africa), occurring as aliens in North America, Australia and South Africa. A new species collected on Mt. Etna (Sicily), and closely related to K. australe, is described and illustrated as K. basalticum Its morphological and molecular features, karyology (2n=54), ecology, distribution, phylogeny and conservation status are examined. In addition, a list of the currently known species of Kali is provided, with some new combinations: Kali nepalense (Grubov) comb. nov., Kali pellucidum (Litvinov) comb. nov., Kali sinkiangense (A.J. Li) comb. nov., Kali gobicolum (Iljin) comb. nov., and Kali ryanii (G.F. Hrusa & Gaskin) comb. nov.