Mastitis is an inflammatory process of the udder tissue caused mainly by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics fosters conditions that favor the selection of resistant microorganisms, suppressing at the same time susceptible forms, causing a serious problem in dairy cattle. Given the importance in performing an antibiogram to select the most adequate antimicrobial therapy, the aim of this study was to identify bacteria isolated from cow's milk with mastitis, in dairy farms situated in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, and to determinate the susceptibility profile of these isolates against the antibiotics used to treat this illness. A total of 30 isolates of Staphylococcus spp., were selected from milk samples from the udder quarters with subclinical mastitis whose species were identified through the Vitek system. The susceptibility profile was performed by the disk diffusion assay, against: ampicillin, amoxicillin, bacitracin, cephalexin, ceftiofur, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, neomycin, norfloxacin, penicillin G, tetracycline and trimethoprim. In the antibiogram, 100.0% of the isolates were resistant to trimethoprim and 96.7% to tetracycline and neomycin, three strains of Staphylococcus spp., (10.0%) presented resistance to the 12 antibiotics tested and 24 (80.0%) to at least eight. These results showed the difficulty in treating mastitis, due to the pathogens' resistance.Keywords: bovine mastitis, identification of microorganisms, bacterial resistance. Identificação e perfil de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana de bactérias causadoras de mastite bovina em propriedades leiteiras de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul ResumoA mastite se constitui no processo inflamatório da glândula mamária causada principalmente por bactérias Staphylococcus aureus. O uso indiscriminado dos antibióticos promove condições que favorecem a seleção de micro-organismos resistentes e, ao mesmo tempo, suprime formas suscetíveis, causando um grave problema para a bovinocultura leiteira. Tendo em vista a importância da realização do antibiograma para a seleção da terapia antimicrobiana mais adequada, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar bactérias isoladas de leite de vaca com mastite, oriundas de propriedades leiteiras localizadas na cidade de Pelotas, RS, bem como determinar o perfil de suscetibilidade desses isolados frente a antibióticos usados para o tratamento desta doença. Foram selecionados 30 isolados de Staphylococcus spp. de amostras de leite provenientes de quartos mamários com mastite subclínica, cujas espécies foram identificadas através do sistema Vitek. O perfil de suscetibilidade foi realizado pela técnica de difusão em disco, frente a:

The presence of airborne fungi in Intensive Care Unit (ICUs) is associated with increased nosocomial infections. The aim of this study was the isolation and identification of airborne fungi presented in an ICU from the University Hospital of Pelotas -RS, with the attempt to know the place's environmental microbiota. 40 Petri plates with Sabouraud Dextrose Agar were exposed to an environment of an ICU, where samples were collected in strategic places during morning and afternoon periods for ten days. Seven fungi genera were identified: Penicillium spp. (15.18%), genus with the higher frequency, followed by Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp., Fusarium spp., Paecelomyces spp., Curvularia spp., Alternaria spp., Zygomycetes and sterile mycelium. The most predominant fungi genus were Aspergillus spp. (13.92%) in the morning and Cladosporium spp. (13.92%) in the afternoon. Due to their involvement in different diseases, the identified fungi genera can be classified as potential pathogens of inpatients. These results reinforce the need of monitoring the environmental microorganisms with high frequency and efficiently in health institutions.Keywords: hospital, ICU, air quality, infection. Fungos anemófilos em uma unidade de terapia intensiva ResumoA presença de fungos anemófilos nas UTIs está associada com o aumento de infecções nosocomiais. O objetivo deste estudo foi isolar e identificar quais os principais fungos anemófilos presentes em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) de um Hospital Universitário de Pelotas -RS, na tentativa de conhecer a microbiota ambiental do local. Através de 40 placas de Petri com Agar Sabouraud dextrose expostas no ambiente de UTI foram coletadas amostras por exposição em locais estratégicos durante períodos da manhã e tarde por dez dias. Sete gêneros fúngicos foram identificados: Penicillium spp. (15,18%), o gênero de maior frequência, seguido de Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp., Fusarium spp., Paecelomyces spp., Curvularia spp., Alternaria spp., além de Zigomicetos e micélios estéreis. Houve predomínio de Aspergillus spp. (13,92%) pela manhã e Cladosporium spp. (13,92%) a tarde. Por estarem envolvidos em diferentes enfermidades, os gêneros identificados podem ser classificados como patógenos em potencial aos pacientes internados. Estes resultados reforçam a necessidade de um monitoramento dos micro-organismos ambientais com maior freqüência e eficiência nas instituições de saúde.Palavras-chave: hospital, UTI, qualidade do ar, infecção.

RESUMONeste trabalho foram estudadas as melhores condições para a desidratação osmótica de laranjas, sendo verificadas as alterações nas características físico-químicas da fruta. Um planejamento experimental fatorial 2 3 completo foi realizado, analisando-se a influência dos fatores tempo, da concentração da solução e proporção fruta:solução osmótica sobre o ganho de sólidos, a perda de água e redução de massa das laranjas desidratadas osmoticamente. Após desidratação, as frutas foram secas em secador de bandejas até umidade de 20%. Determinaram-se no produto, o pH, a acidez titulável, a vitamina C, os carotenoides, o conteúdo fenólico e a cor. Os melhores resultados de desidratação osmótica foram obtidos utilizando-se uma solução de sacarose de 60 °Brix, na proporção fruta:solução de 1:3 durante 90 min, que resultou em 3,5 g sólidos 100g -1 , 10,6 g água 100g -1 e 7,1 g 100g -1 para ganho de sólidos, perda de água e redução de massa, respectivamente. As perdas de conteúdo fenólico e a atividade antioxidante foram 45,1 e 37,3% menores que na secagem convencional demonstrando a eficiência do processo para preservação das propriedades funcionais do produto. Palavras-chave: Citrus sinensis, secagem, vitamina C, compostos fenólicos, planejamento experimentalConditions for osmotic dehydration of oranges and functional properties of the product ABSTRACT The best conditions for osmotic dehydration of oranges was studied, assessed by determining the physicochemical characteristics of the fruit. The study was conducted in 2 3 full factorial experimental design to evaluate the influence of time, solution concentration and fruit:solution ratio on the solid gain, water loss and mass reduction of osmotically dehydrated oranges. After dehydration, the fruits were dried in tray dryer until 20% moisture. In the product the pH, titratable acidity, vitamin C, carotenoids, phenols content and color were determined. The best results of osmotic dehydration were obtained using a sucrose solution 60 °Brix, fruit:solution ratio 1:3 for 90 min, that resulted in 3.5 g solid 100g -1 , 10.6 g water 100g -1 and 7.1 g 100g -1of solid gain, water loss and weight reduction, respectively. The losses of phenolic content and antioxidant activity were 45.1 and 37.3% lower than in conventional drying, demonstrating the efficiency of the process for the preservation of functional properties of the product.

Yeast infections have acquired great importance due to increasing frequency in immunocompromised patients or patients undergoing invasive diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, and also because of its high morbidity and mortality. At the same time, it has been seen an increase in the emergence of new pathogenic species difficult to diagnose and treat. The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro susceptibility of 89 yeasts from different sources against the antifungals amphotericin B, voriconazole, fluconazole and flucytosine, using the VITEK  2 Compact system. The antifungal susceptibility was performed automatically by the Vitek  2 Compact system. The origin of the yeasts was: Group 1 -microbiota of wild animals (W) (26/89), 2 -cow's milk with subclinical mastitis (M) (27/89) and 3 -hospital enviorment (H) (36/89). Of the 89 yeasts submitted to the Vitek  2 test, 25 (20.9%) were resistant to fluconazole, 11 (12.36%) to amphotericin B, 3 (3.37%) to voriconazole, and no sample was resistant to flucytosine. Regarding the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), fluconazole showed an MIC between 1 and 64 mg/mL for the three groups, voriconazole had an MIC between 0.12 and 8 mg/mL, amphotericin B had an MIC between 0.25 and 4 mg/mL for group H and group W respectively, between 0.25 and 16 mg/mL for group M and flucytosine had an MIC equal to 1μg/mL for all groups. The yeasts isolated from the H group showed the highest resistance to fluconazole 12/89 (13.49%), followed by group W (7.87%) and group M (5.62%). The more resistant group to voriconazole was followed by the M and H groups, the W group showed no resistance to this antifungal. Group H was the least resistant (2.25%) to amphotericin.

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Concern with traces of antibiotics found in milk and resistant bacteria has led to the search for alternatives, mainly natural products, to treat mastitis. This study aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial activity of fixed oils found in Brazil nuts and sunflower seeds against microorganisms isolated from mastitic milk and at analyzing their fatty acids. The following microorganisms were isolated from milk produced by cows with subclinical mastitis and selected for the antimicrobial test: Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp., Candida spp. and Cryptococcus laurentii. The oil components and the antimicrobial activity were determined by gas chromatography and by the broth microdilution technique, respectively. The following fatty acids were identified: myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, margaric, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidic, gadoleic, behenic and lignoceric. Averages of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for S. aureus, Enterococcus spp., Candida spp. and C. laurenti (sunflower seed oil), respectively. These values show that these oils, in low concentration, have antimicrobial activity against the microorganisms under study. Therefore, this study shows that these fixed oils may be used as therapeutic resources for the control of mastitis.

O objetivo deste estudo foi de avaliar a atividade antifúngica de uma solução à base de glucoprotamina(GLU) e de óleo essencial (OE) de Cymbopogon citratus. Candida tropicalis, Claviceps lusitaniae,Meyerozyma (Pichia) guilliermondii e Candida parapsilosis foram isoladas das superfícies de umhospital público de Pelotas, RS. A atividade antifúngica da GLU foi analisada nas concentrações de0,25% a 0,0005%, e para o OE, obtido por Clevenger, foi utilizado nas concentrações de 17.500 μg/mLa 0,034 μg/mL. A análise cromatográfica foi efetuada por meio de CG/MS. A atividade anti-Candidafoi analisada pela técnica de Microdiluição em Caldo para determinar a Concentração InibitóriaMínima (CIM) e a Concentração Fungicida Mínima (CFM). A inibição pela GLU ocorreu emtodas as concentrações testadas, enquanto o OE apresentou resultado de CIM que oscilou de 2846 a5450 μg/mL, e CFM de 2853 a 5330 μg/mL. Alfa–citral (37,10%), beta–citral (32,77% e beta-mirceno(18,75%) foram considerados como os compostos majoritários do OE. Os dados obtidos nestetrabalho destacam a atividade antifúngica da solução à base de GLU e do OE de C. citratus naeliminação dos isolados de Candida spp ambientais.

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