Virginia's growing agritourism industry provides additional income to farms and mitigates risk. This study empirically analyzes the effect of demographic, operational, and financial factors on the profitability of agritourism operations using a primary data set collected from a survey of more than 500 agritourism operations. Results show that greater profitability is associated with operators who are motivated by additional income and have more education, larger operations with a greater percentage of income from agritourism, and visitors who spent more on average. Characteristics having a negative effect on profitability are wineries, locations farther from interstates, and difficulty accessing capital.
The presence of airborne fungi in Intensive Care Unit (ICUs) is associated with increased nosocomial infections. The aim of this study was the isolation and identification of airborne fungi presented in an ICU from the University Hospital of Pelotas -RS, with the attempt to know the place's environmental microbiota. 40 Petri plates with Sabouraud Dextrose Agar were exposed to an environment of an ICU, where samples were collected in strategic places during morning and afternoon periods for ten days. Seven fungi genera were identified: Penicillium spp. (15.18%), genus with the higher frequency, followed by Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp., Fusarium spp., Paecelomyces spp., Curvularia spp., Alternaria spp., Zygomycetes and sterile mycelium. The most predominant fungi genus were Aspergillus spp. (13.92%) in the morning and Cladosporium spp. (13.92%) in the afternoon. Due to their involvement in different diseases, the identified fungi genera can be classified as potential pathogens of inpatients. These results reinforce the need of monitoring the environmental microorganisms with high frequency and efficiently in health institutions.Keywords: hospital, ICU, air quality, infection. Fungos anemófilos em uma unidade de terapia intensiva ResumoA presença de fungos anemófilos nas UTIs está associada com o aumento de infecções nosocomiais. O objetivo deste estudo foi isolar e identificar quais os principais fungos anemófilos presentes em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) de um Hospital Universitário de Pelotas -RS, na tentativa de conhecer a microbiota ambiental do local. Através de 40 placas de Petri com Agar Sabouraud dextrose expostas no ambiente de UTI foram coletadas amostras por exposição em locais estratégicos durante períodos da manhã e tarde por dez dias. Sete gêneros fúngicos foram identificados: Penicillium spp. (15,18%), o gênero de maior frequência, seguido de Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp., Fusarium spp., Paecelomyces spp., Curvularia spp., Alternaria spp., além de Zigomicetos e micélios estéreis. Houve predomínio de Aspergillus spp. (13,92%) pela manhã e Cladosporium spp. (13,92%) a tarde. Por estarem envolvidos em diferentes enfermidades, os gêneros identificados podem ser classificados como patógenos em potencial aos pacientes internados. Estes resultados reforçam a necessidade de um monitoramento dos micro-organismos ambientais com maior freqüência e eficiência nas instituições de saúde.Palavras-chave: hospital, UTI, qualidade do ar, infecção.
1. A White Leghorn line was selected for part-record hen-housed number of eggs from 1962 to 1990. Genetic changes were estimated as deviations from its unselected control line. 2. Over the first 10 generations with selection almost exclusively for number of eggs to the age of 273 d, all traits, except rate of mortality, showed significant changes. Regressions per year were: 273 d production, 3.07 eggs; 497 d production, 5.18 eggs; production from 274 to 497 d, 2.43 eggs; age at first egg, -2.33 d; mean weight of first 10 eggs, -0.82 g; body weight at 497 d, -19.02 g and rate of mortality, 0.19%. 3. Over the rest of the period increasing selection pressure for egg weight has been applied. This resulted in positive changes for this trait and no or small negative changes in egg number. 4. In general, heritabilities and genetic correlations did not change over the period of selection. The heritability of the main trait of selection, production to 273 d was 0.19 +/- 0.04 and heritabilities of egg size traits about 0.50. 5. The genetic correlation between egg production to 273 d and mean weight of first 10 eggs was estimated as -0.37 +/- 0.06 but from the observed response a realised genetic correlation of -0.97 was calculated.
The fast anthelmintic resistance development has shown a limited efficiency in the control of animal's endoparasitosis and has promoted research using alternative control methods. The use of chemicals in animal anthelmintic treatment, in association with nematophagous fungi used for biological control, is a strategy that has proven to be effective in reducing the nematode population density in farm animals. This study aims to verify the in vitro susceptibility of the nematophagous fungi Arthrobotrys oligospora, Duddingtonia flagrans and Paecilomyces lilacinus against the antiparasitic drugs albendazole, thiabendazole, ivermectin, levamisole and closantel by using the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). MICs ranged between 4.0 and 0.031 µg/mL for albendazole, thiabendazole and ivermectin, between 0.937 and 0.117 µg/mL for levamisole, and between 0.625 and 0.034 µg/mL for closantel. The results showed that all antiparasitic drugs had an in vitro inhibitory effect on nematophagous fungi, which could compromise their action as agents of biological control. D. flagrans was the most susceptible species to all drugs.Keywords: nematophagous fungi, benzimidazoles, ivermectin, levamisole, closantel. Suscetibilidade in vitro de fungos nematófagos à antiparasitários: interações e implicações para o controle biológicoResumo O desenvolvimento rápido da resistência anti-helmíntica demonstrou a eficiência limitada no controle de endoparasitoses em animais, e promoveu a investigação em métodos de controles alternativos. O uso de produtos químicos no tratamento anti-helmíntico animal, em associação com fungos nematófagos utilizados para o controlo biológico, é uma estratégia que tem provado ser eficaz na redução da densidade da população de nematódeos em animais agrícolas. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a suscetibilidade in vitro dos fungos nematófagos Arthrobotrys oligospora, Duddingtonia flagrans e Paecilomyces lilacinus frente aos antiparasitários albendazol, tiabendazol, ivermectina, levamisol e closantel, usando a concentração inibitória mínima (MIC). Os MICs variaram entre 4,0 e 0,031 μg/mL para albendazol, tiabendazol e ivermectina, entre 0,937 e 0,117 μg/mL para o levamisol, e entre 0,625 e 0,034 μg/mL para closantel. Os resultados mostraram que todos os antiparasitários tiveram um efeito inibidor in vitro sobre os fungos nematófagos, o que poderia comprometer suas atividades como agentes de controle biológico. D. flagrans foi a espécie mais sensível a todas as drogas.Palavras-chave: fungos nematófagos, benzimidazóis, ivermectina, levamisol, closantel.
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