T his investigation examined whether immunization to learned helplessness is more effective through predictable and controllable events alternating with inescapable and unpredictable events of different duration, than through experiences with only controllable and predictable events. Prior experience with intermittent success resulted in greater immunization than experience with consistent success. Forty-two male Wistar rats were distributed at random to one of the six groups (n 5 7 each). In groups M-20, M-40, and M-80, uncontrollable and unpredictable episodes of shocks with three levels of duration were intermixed with controllable and predictable events: short mixed immunization, 20 trials; moderate mixed immunization, 40 trials; and long mixed immunization, 80 trials. Group C-U received immunization treatment with only controllable and predictable events; C-NT was the control group and received controllability training but with no uncontrollable and unpredictable footshock; and group NT-U received basic learned helplessness treatment. In the test phase, all the subjects were exposed to escape/avoidance training. The results demonstrated the greater efficacy of immunization in groups M-20 and M-40 (short and moderate mixed immunization), in terms of significant differences in latency of response relative to groups M-80 (long mixed immunization) and C-U (standard immunization), while the behaviour of groups M-80 and C-U was similar. All immunization (mixed and standard) groups presented a shorter latency than group NT-U (no immunization). These data were discussed according to the ''dual-expectancy hypothesis,'' the ''interference hypothesis,'' the ''anxiety hypothesis,'' and the ''reactance theory.'' C ette recherche a examiné dans quelle mesure l'immunisation à la résignation acquise est plus efficace lors d'événements prédictibles et contrô lables alternant avec des événements inévitables et non prédictibles, de différentes durées, que lors d'événements contrô lables et prédictibles seulement. Une expérience précédente menant à un succès intermittent a résulté en une plus grande immunisation qu'une expérience menant à un succès constant. Quarante-deux rats Wistar males ont été répartis au hasard dans six groupes (n 5 7 chacun). Pour trois groupes, des épisodes incontrô lables et non prédictibles de chocs ont été mélangés avec des événements contrô lables et prédictibles, avec trois niveaux de durée pour le premier traitement: immunisation courte mixte de 20 essais (groupe M-20), immunisation modérée mixte de 40 essais (groupe M-40) et immunisation longue mixte de 80 essais (groupe M-80). En ce qui a trait aux trois autres groupes, un a reçu un traitement d'immunisation avec seulement des événements contrô lables et prédictibles (groupe C-U); un autre fut considéré comme groupe contrô le et a reçu un entraînement de contrô labilité mais sans recevoir de choc incontrô lable et non prédictible (groupe C-NT) et; un dernier groupe a reçu un traitement de base de résignation acquise (groupe NT-U). Dans la phase d...
In this experiment, learned helplessness was studied from an ethological perspective by examining individual differences in social dominance and its influence on the effects of helplessness. Ninety animals were used, 30 randomly selected and 60 selected because of their clear dominance or submission. Each condition (dominant, submissive, and random) was distributed in three subgroups corresponding to the triadic design. The test consisted of an escape/avoidance task. The results showed that the animals in the uncontrollable condition performed worse than those in the controllable and no treatment conditions. Social submission and dominance reduced vulnerability of the subjects against learned helplessness. Submission had a facilitating effect on subsequent learning, independently of whether pretreatment was controllability or uncontrollability. Learned mastery was observed in the submissive condition, because submission benefited the subjects in the controllable condition in comparison with the untreated subjects, and dominance impaired the subjects in the controllable condition.
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