The purpose of the present experiment was to explore the theory that deficits in learned helplessness, normally produced by inescapable shock or noncontingent events, are eliminated in subsequent learning discrimination when a combination of exteroceptive cues or feedback stimuli and a predictable stimulus are present. We used 48 pigeons in 6 groups: Group P+C+ training with predictable and controllable events; Group P+U— training with predictable and uncontrollable events; Group U—F training with unpredictable and uncontrollable events and feedback stimulus; Group P+U—F training with predictable and uncontrollable events and feedback stimulus; Group U‐RE training with unpredictable, uncontrollable and random events; Group CG did not receive any treatment. Our results demonstrated that a combination of feedback stimuli and predictability was found to be the most effective training against effects of noncontingent events in appetitive contexts.
T his investigation examined whether immunization to learned helplessness is more effective through predictable and controllable events alternating with inescapable and unpredictable events of different duration, than through experiences with only controllable and predictable events. Prior experience with intermittent success resulted in greater immunization than experience with consistent success. Forty-two male Wistar rats were distributed at random to one of the six groups (n 5 7 each). In groups M-20, M-40, and M-80, uncontrollable and unpredictable episodes of shocks with three levels of duration were intermixed with controllable and predictable events: short mixed immunization, 20 trials; moderate mixed immunization, 40 trials; and long mixed immunization, 80 trials. Group C-U received immunization treatment with only controllable and predictable events; C-NT was the control group and received controllability training but with no uncontrollable and unpredictable footshock; and group NT-U received basic learned helplessness treatment. In the test phase, all the subjects were exposed to escape/avoidance training. The results demonstrated the greater efficacy of immunization in groups M-20 and M-40 (short and moderate mixed immunization), in terms of significant differences in latency of response relative to groups M-80 (long mixed immunization) and C-U (standard immunization), while the behaviour of groups M-80 and C-U was similar. All immunization (mixed and standard) groups presented a shorter latency than group NT-U (no immunization). These data were discussed according to the ''dual-expectancy hypothesis,'' the ''interference hypothesis,'' the ''anxiety hypothesis,'' and the ''reactance theory.'' C ette recherche a examiné dans quelle mesure l'immunisation à la résignation acquise est plus efficace lors d'événements prédictibles et contrô lables alternant avec des événements inévitables et non prédictibles, de différentes durées, que lors d'événements contrô lables et prédictibles seulement. Une expérience précédente menant à un succès intermittent a résulté en une plus grande immunisation qu'une expérience menant à un succès constant. Quarante-deux rats Wistar males ont été répartis au hasard dans six groupes (n 5 7 chacun). Pour trois groupes, des épisodes incontrô lables et non prédictibles de chocs ont été mélangés avec des événements contrô lables et prédictibles, avec trois niveaux de durée pour le premier traitement: immunisation courte mixte de 20 essais (groupe M-20), immunisation modérée mixte de 40 essais (groupe M-40) et immunisation longue mixte de 80 essais (groupe M-80). En ce qui a trait aux trois autres groupes, un a reçu un traitement d'immunisation avec seulement des événements contrô lables et prédictibles (groupe C-U); un autre fut considéré comme groupe contrô le et a reçu un entraînement de contrô labilité mais sans recevoir de choc incontrô lable et non prédictible (groupe C-NT) et; un dernier groupe a reçu un traitement de base de résignation acquise (groupe NT-U). Dans la phase d...
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