Se analizó el papel de la consciencia en el condicionamiento pavloviano mediante dos experimentos en los que se utilizaron, como estímulos condicionados (ECs), palabras neutras visualmente enmascaradas y, como estímulo incondicionado (EI), un shock eléctrico. El intervalo inter-estímulo se estableció individualmente. Se utilizó un umbral de detección en el Experimento 1 y un umbral de identificación en el Experimento 2. La principal variable dependiente fue la respuesta de conductancia de la piel. Los resultados mostraron que la respuesta condicionada (RC) fue adquirida por el 58% de los sujetos que percibieron los estímulos por encima del umbral de identificación, por el 50% de los sujetos que percibieron los estímulos por debajo del umbral de detección y por el 11% de los sujetos que percibieron los estímulos por debajo del umbral de identificación, pero por encima del umbral de detección. Estos resultados sugieren que la conciencia de la contingencia EC-EI no es condición necesaria para adquirir una RC del sistema nervioso autónomo. Palabras clave: condicionamiento pavloviano, enmascaramiento hacia atrás, percepción subliminal, aprendizaje consciente e inconsciente
In this experiment, learned helplessness was studied from an ethological perspective by examining individual differences in social dominance and its influence on the effects of helplessness. Ninety animals were used, 30 randomly selected and 60 selected because of their clear dominance or submission. Each condition (dominant, submissive, and random) was distributed in three subgroups corresponding to the triadic design. The test consisted of an escape/avoidance task. The results showed that the animals in the uncontrollable condition performed worse than those in the controllable and no treatment conditions. Social submission and dominance reduced vulnerability of the subjects against learned helplessness. Submission had a facilitating effect on subsequent learning, independently of whether pretreatment was controllability or uncontrollability. Learned mastery was observed in the submissive condition, because submission benefited the subjects in the controllable condition in comparison with the untreated subjects, and dominance impaired the subjects in the controllable condition.
The present study aims to analyse the effect of the passage of time on the phenomenological characteristics of the memory of a traumatic event of social relevance. The terrorist attack that took place in Barcelona (Spain) in August 2017 was taken as the traumatic event. A priori, this event meets the criteria to produce a flashbulb memory (level of surprise, consequentiality and emotional activation). A total of 364 memories from different individuals (78% women and a mean age of 20 years) were studied at five different time points, between September 2017 and December 2018, using the CCFRA/PQAM questionnaire. The results show that the memories only comply with the characteristics usually associated with flashbulb memories in the medium term (about 7 months after the events). These characteristics do not appear in a clear way immediately and are lost just over a year after the event. Therefore, the passage of time seems to have a great influence on the characteristics of memories of violent events, such as terrorist attacks. However, this influence may depend more on the relevance given to the event than on the elapsed time, as it is the relevance that determines the number of subsequent recalls, influencing the maintenance of the memory.
The purpose of the present experiment was to explore the theory that deficits in learned helplessness, normally produced by inescapable shock or noncontingent events, are eliminated in subsequent learning discrimination when a combination of exteroceptive cues or feedback stimuli and a predictable stimulus are present. We used 48 pigeons in 6 groups: Group P+C+ training with predictable and controllable events; Group P+U— training with predictable and uncontrollable events; Group U—F training with unpredictable and uncontrollable events and feedback stimulus; Group P+U—F training with predictable and uncontrollable events and feedback stimulus; Group U‐RE training with unpredictable, uncontrollable and random events; Group CG did not receive any treatment. Our results demonstrated that a combination of feedback stimuli and predictability was found to be the most effective training against effects of noncontingent events in appetitive contexts.
T his investigation examined whether immunization to learned helplessness is more effective through predictable and controllable events alternating with inescapable and unpredictable events of different duration, than through experiences with only controllable and predictable events. Prior experience with intermittent success resulted in greater immunization than experience with consistent success. Forty-two male Wistar rats were distributed at random to one of the six groups (n 5 7 each). In groups M-20, M-40, and M-80, uncontrollable and unpredictable episodes of shocks with three levels of duration were intermixed with controllable and predictable events: short mixed immunization, 20 trials; moderate mixed immunization, 40 trials; and long mixed immunization, 80 trials. Group C-U received immunization treatment with only controllable and predictable events; C-NT was the control group and received controllability training but with no uncontrollable and unpredictable footshock; and group NT-U received basic learned helplessness treatment. In the test phase, all the subjects were exposed to escape/avoidance training. The results demonstrated the greater efficacy of immunization in groups M-20 and M-40 (short and moderate mixed immunization), in terms of significant differences in latency of response relative to groups M-80 (long mixed immunization) and C-U (standard immunization), while the behaviour of groups M-80 and C-U was similar. All immunization (mixed and standard) groups presented a shorter latency than group NT-U (no immunization). These data were discussed according to the ''dual-expectancy hypothesis,'' the ''interference hypothesis,'' the ''anxiety hypothesis,'' and the ''reactance theory.'' C ette recherche a examiné dans quelle mesure l'immunisation à la résignation acquise est plus efficace lors d'événements prédictibles et contrô lables alternant avec des événements inévitables et non prédictibles, de différentes durées, que lors d'événements contrô lables et prédictibles seulement. Une expérience précédente menant à un succès intermittent a résulté en une plus grande immunisation qu'une expérience menant à un succès constant. Quarante-deux rats Wistar males ont été répartis au hasard dans six groupes (n 5 7 chacun). Pour trois groupes, des épisodes incontrô lables et non prédictibles de chocs ont été mélangés avec des événements contrô lables et prédictibles, avec trois niveaux de durée pour le premier traitement: immunisation courte mixte de 20 essais (groupe M-20), immunisation modérée mixte de 40 essais (groupe M-40) et immunisation longue mixte de 80 essais (groupe M-80). En ce qui a trait aux trois autres groupes, un a reçu un traitement d'immunisation avec seulement des événements contrô lables et prédictibles (groupe C-U); un autre fut considéré comme groupe contrô le et a reçu un entraînement de contrô labilité mais sans recevoir de choc incontrô lable et non prédictible (groupe C-NT) et; un dernier groupe a reçu un traitement de base de résignation acquise (groupe NT-U). Dans la phase d...
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