Archaeological excavations at the Biblioteca Magliabechiana, which is part of
the Uffizi gallery complex in Florence (Tuscany, central Italy), exposed Dark
Earth deposits between alluvial sediments of the nearby Arno River. The term
Dark Earth refers to thick, dark colored, and seemingly homogeneous deposits
occurring in urban settings throughout Europe, broadly dated to the post-
Roman period. The stratigraphic sequence of the Biblioteca Magliabechiana
was investigated by integrating geomorphological, chronological, and archaeological
information with micromorphological and soil analytical data. This
combination of approaches resulted in the identification of an early phase of
Dark Earth formation (7th century A.D.) during which the area was characterized
by the accumulation of manure or night soil in wet peri-fluvial conditions.
After a phase of abandonment, Dark Earth accretion resumed (10th to early
11th century A.D.), at this stage due primarily to the dumping of domestic
waste. Subsequent progressive abandonment of the area was followed by the
deposition of alluvium, probably during the major flood of November 4, 1177.
The present study demonstrates that Dark Earth is the outcome of strong bioturbation
and human reworking acting on anthropogenic deposits and possibly
on alluvial sediments
Having thrived in Eurasia for 350,000 years Neandertals disappeared from the record around 40,000–37,000 years ago, after modern humans entered Europe. It was a complex process of population interactions that included cultural exchanges and admixture between Neandertals and dispersing groups of modern humans. In Europe Neandertals are always associated with the Mousterian while the Aurignacian is associated with modern humans only. The onset of the Aurignacian is preceded by “transitional” industries which show some similarities with the Mousterian but also contain modern tool forms. Information on these industries is often incomplete or disputed and this is true of the Uluzzian. We present the results of taphonomic, typological and technological analyses of two Uluzzian sites, Grotta La Fabbrica (Tuscany) and the newly discovered site of Colle Rotondo (Latium). Comparisons with Castelcivita and Grotta del Cavallo show that the Uluzzian is a coherent cultural unit lasting about five millennia, replaced by the Protoaurignacian before the eruption of the Campanian Ignimbrite. The lack of skeletal remains at our two sites and the controversy surrounding the stratigraphic position of modern human teeth at Cavallo makes it difficult to reach agreement about authorship of the Uluzzian, for which alternative hypotheses have been proposed. Pending the discovery of DNA or further human remains, these hypotheses can only be evaluated by archaeological arguments, i.e. evidence of continuities and discontinuities between the Uluzzian and the preceding and succeeding culture units in Italy. However, in the context of “transitional” industries with disputed dates for the arrival of modern humans in Europe, and considering the case of the Châtelperronian, an Upper Paleolithic industry made by Neandertals, typo-technology used as an indicator of hominin authorship has limited predictive value. We corroborate previous suggestions that the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition occurred as steps of rapid changes and geographically uneven rates of spread.
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