From Neandertals to modern humans: New data on the Uluzzian

Abstract

Having thrived in Eurasia for 350,000 years Neandertals disappeared from the record around 40,000–37,000 years ago, after modern humans entered Europe. It was a complex process of population interactions that included cultural exchanges and admixture between Neandertals and dispersing groups of modern humans. In Europe Neandertals are always associated with the Mousterian while the Aurignacian is associated with modern humans only. The onset of the Aurignacian is preceded by “transitional” industries which show some similarities with the Mousterian but also contain modern tool forms. Information on these industries is often incomplete or disputed and this is true of the Uluzzian. We present the results of taphonomic, typological and technological analyses of two Uluzzian sites, Grotta La Fabbrica (Tuscany) and the newly discovered site of Colle Rotondo (Latium). Comparisons with Castelcivita and Grotta del Cavallo show that the Uluzzian is a coherent cultural unit lasting about five millennia, replaced by the Protoaurignacian before the eruption of the Campanian Ignimbrite. The lack of skeletal remains at our two sites and the controversy surrounding the stratigraphic position of modern human teeth at Cavallo makes it difficult to reach agreement about authorship of the Uluzzian, for which alternative hypotheses have been proposed. Pending the discovery of DNA or further human remains, these hypotheses can only be evaluated by archaeological arguments, i.e. evidence of continuities and discontinuities between the Uluzzian and the preceding and succeeding culture units in Italy. However, in the context of “transitional” industries with disputed dates for the arrival of modern humans in Europe, and considering the case of the Châtelperronian, an Upper Paleolithic industry made by Neandertals, typo-technology used as an indicator of hominin authorship has limited predictive value. We corroborate previous suggestions that the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition occurred as steps of rapid changes and geographically uneven rates of spread.

Lithic techno-complexes in Italy from 50 to 39 thousand years BP: An overview of lithic technological changes across the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic boundary

“…The occurrence of several Uluzzian assemblages along the Tyrrhenian side as far north as Tuscany could be explained by Uluzzian groups migrating northwest from the core area in the Salento. This hypothesis is consistent with the more recent chronologies of the Campanian (Castelcivita, Cala) and the Tuscan (La Fabbrica) (Villa et al, 2018) assemblages.…”

Bone tools, ornaments and other unusual objects during the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition in Italy

“…Riparo Broion (layer 1g) (16)(17)(18)(19). Grotta di Fumane (layer A3) (20-21) (Modified after d 'Errico et al, 2012b;Peresani et al, 2016, Villa et al, 2018Peresani et al, 2019a). Fig.…”

“…A sole specimen ( Fig. 3, 15) is known in Central Italy from Grotta La Fabbrica (Tuscany) (Pitti et al, 1976;Villa et al, 2018); it shows a coating of ochre at its base and other residual traces along its shaft. Villa et al (2018) draw a parallel between this object and the ochred bone tools of the Still Bay phase from Blombos Cave, dated to 75-72 ka (Henshilwood et al, 2001;Henshilwood, 2012).…”

“…3, 15) is known in Central Italy from Grotta La Fabbrica (Tuscany) (Pitti et al, 1976;Villa et al, 2018); it shows a coating of ochre at its base and other residual traces along its shaft. Villa et al (2018) draw a parallel between this object and the ochred bone tools of the Still Bay phase from Blombos Cave, dated to 75-72 ka (Henshilwood et al, 2001;Henshilwood, 2012). According to d' Errico and colleagues (2012b), the Uluzzian bone tools were produced using at least three different techniques: scraping the end of naturally pointed elements, modifying thin lengthened shaft fragments, shaping elongated epidiaphyseal fragments.…”

“…At Fumane the use of bone retouchers is documented also during the Uluzzian (Jéquier et al, 2012). 'Errico et al, 2012b;Peresani et al, 2016;Villa et al, 2018;Peresani et al, 2019a)…”