Orally administered live rhesus monkey rotavirus vaccine (RRV, VP7 serotype 3) and human-rhesus reassortant rotavirus vaccine (DxRRV, VP7 serotype 1) were evaluated in a placebo-controlled field trial of 223 infants 2-4 months old. Both vaccines were mildly reactogenic but were generally well tolerated in the 10 days after vaccination. RRV and DxRRV were immunogenic, inducing serum antibody responses in 78% and 71% of the vaccines, respectively. Efficacy of RRV vaccine was 66% (P = .01) and of DxRRV vaccine 77% (P = .002) against rotavirus-associated illness in the first season after vaccination. Efficacy of RRV vaccine against rotavirus-associated illness over three rotavirus seasons was 51.2% (P = .045) and of DxRRV vaccine was 67.3% (P = .006). RRV vaccine provided heterotypic protection of 58.5% (P = .041) and DxRRV vaccine provided homotypic protection of 72.8% (P = .005) over three seasons against the predominant serotype 1 rotavirus.
Based on previous research indicating that character portrayals in video games and other media can influence users’ perceptions of social reality, systematic content analyses have examined demographic trends in the way video game characters are portrayed. Although these studies have extensively documented character portrayals in traditional console and computer video games, there is a lack of content analyses examining character portrayals in the very popular massively multiplayer online game (MMO) genre. Such studies are needed because many characters in MMOs are customized avatars created by users, which may lead to different trends in character demographics. This content analysis examined representations of gender and race among 417 unique characters appearing 1,356 times in 20 hours of recorded content from four popular commercial MMOs, which was generated by five recruited users. Characters tended to be disproportionately male and white, with females and racial minorities appearing much less often. Implications for potential effects on users’ perceptions of social reality are discussed.
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