Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of iloprost (I) on lung injury as a remote organ following skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model. Materials and methods: Twenty-four Wistar Albino rats were randomized into four groups (n = 6). Laparotomy was performed in all groups under general anesthesia. Only laparotomy was applied in Group S (Sham). Ischemia reperfusion group (Group I/R) underwent ischemia and reperfusion performed by clamping and declamping of the infrarenal abdominal aorta for 120 minutes. Group iloprost (Group I) received intravenous infusion of iloprost 0.5 ng/kg/min, without ischemia and reperfusion. Group I/R/I received intravenous infusion of iloprost 0.5 ng/kg/min immediately after 2 hours of ischemia. At the end of the study, lung tissue was obtained for determining total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) levels, histochemical and immunohistochemical determination. Results: Diffuse lymphocyte infi ltration was detected in immunohistochemical examination of lung tissue in Group I/R. The connective tissue around bronchi, bronchioles and vessel walls was found to be increased. Although minimal local lymphocyte infi ltration was detected in some fi elds in Group I/R/I, the overall tissue was found to be similar to Group S. iNOS expression was signifi cantly higher in Group I/R, when compared with Group S and signifi cantly lower in Group I/R/I compared to Group I/R. TOS levels were signifi cantly higher in Group I/R, when compared with groups S and I (p = 0.028, p = 0.016, respectively) and signifi cantly lower in group I/R/I, when compared with Group I/R (p = 0.048). TAS levels were signifi cantly higher in Group I/R, when compared with groups S, I (p = 0.014, p = 0.027, respectively) and signifi cantly lower in Group I/R/I, when compared with Group I/R (p = 0.032). Conclusion: These results indicate that administration of iloprost may have protective effects against ischemia reperfusion injury (Fig. 8, Tab. 1, Ref. 30). Text in PDF www.elis.sk.

Aim: Ischemia reperfusion injury (I/R) in lower extremity is a frequent and important clinical phenomenon. The protective effect of iloprost on local and distant organ injury due to I/R has been well documented but its effect on erythrocyte deformability needs further investigation. Our aim was to investigate the effect of iloprost on erythrocyte deformability in the infrarenal aorta of rats undergoing I/R. Materials and methods: Our study was conducted with 18 Wistar albino rats. Rats were divided into the 3 groups; the randomized control group (group C; n=6), I/R group without iloprost (group I/R; n=6) and I/R group with iloprost -10 mcg.kg -1 , 30 min infusion (group I/R-I; n=6). Packs of erythrocytes were prepared from heparinized blood samples and deformability measurements were done. Results: The comparisons of the control and I/R-I groups revealed similar results (p=0.951). The values of the IR group were signifi cantly higher than those of the control and IR-I groups (p=0.006, p=0.011, respectively). Conclusion: In our study, we detected the unfavourable effects of I/R on erythrocyte deformability, which may lead to disturbance in blood fl ow and hence tissue perfusion in the infrarenal rat aorta. We also found that Iloprost had benefi cial effects by reversing the undesirable effects of I/R (Fig. 1, Ref. 15). Full Text in PDF www.elis.sk.

BACKGROUND: Sugammadex is primarily excreted via renal route. We investigated effects of low and high doses of sugammadex (16 mg/kg versus 96 mg/kg) on renal tissue samples of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-four Wistar albino rats were divided into 4 groups. Group C (control -0.9 % NaCl), Group DC (diabetes control; 55 mg/kg streptozotocin, IP, only), Group DR-16S (diabetes-rocuronium -16 mg sugammadex, IV.) and Group DR-96S (diabetes-rocuronium -96 mg sugammadex, IV). Renal tissue histopathological evaluation and antioxidant status (measurements of MDA levels and NO activities) were studied. RESULTS: Signifi cantly higher levels of all infl ammation parameters (infl ammation, degeneration/necrosis, tubular dilatation, tubular cell degeneration, dilatation in Bowman's space, tubular hyaline casts, and lymphocyte infi ltration) were found in the 96 mg/kg sugammadex group. Higher MDA tissue levels and lower NO activity were found in the 96 mg/kg sugammadex group. DISCUSSION: We can conclude that high-dose (96 mg/kg) sugammadex administration resulted in signifi cant renal tissue damage in diabetic rats. As a consequence, low doses of sugammadex have to be preferred in diabetic patients (Tab. 2, Fig. 4, Ref. 26). Text in PDF www.elis.sk.

Abstract:Purpose: In the current study we aim to investigate the effects of vitamin C and profol on red blood cell deformability in diabetic rats Materials and methods: Twenty-eight Wistar Albino rats were included in the study after streptozocin (60 mg/ kg) treatment for 4 weeks of observation for diabetes presence. Twenty-eight rats were allocated to 4 groups. In group DP (n = 7) 150 mg.kg -1 of propofol was injected intraperitoneally. In group DP-vit C (n = 7) rats 100 mg/kg of vitamin C (Ascorbic acid, Redoxon ® 1000 mg/5 mL -Roche) were applied one hour before administrating 150 mg.kg -1 of propofol, while rats in control group (n = 7), and diabetic control group (n = 7) received intraperitoneally physiological saline. Deformability measurements were achieved by using erythrocyte suspensions with hematocrit level of 5 % in PBS buffer. Results: Erythrocyte deformability was signifi cantly higher in diabetic control group than in control and vitamin C plus propofol groups (p = 0.00, p = 0.025, respectively). Erythrocyte deformability indexes were found similar in control group and vitamin C plus propofol group (p = 0.949). Relative resistance was increased in diabetic rat model. Conclusions: Erythrocyte deformability was damaged in rats with diabetes. This injury might lead to further problems in microcirculation. Application of propofol did not alter red cell deformability in diabetic rats. Vitamin C supplementation seems to reverse those negative effects and variations in erythrocyte deformability (Fig. 2

BACKGROUND: We investigated whether vitamin C has protective effects on rat liver tissue treated with different dexmedetomidine doses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty fi ve wistar albino rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (Control (0.9 % NaCl intraperitoneally (ip), Dexmedetomidine 5 μg.kg -1 (ip), Dexmedetomidine 5 μg.kg -1 ip plus Vitamin C (100 mg.kg -1 ), Dexmedetomidine 10 μg.kg -1 ip and Dexmedetomidine 10 μg.kg -1 ip plus Vitamin C (100 mg.kg -1 ). Histopathological liver injury, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and tissue Malondialdehyde levels were investigated. RESULTS: Hepatocyte degeneration was signifi cantly higher in D10 group than those in other study groups (p < 0.0001, p = 0.002, p < 0.0001, p = 0.005, respectively). Similarly, liver tissue sinusoidal dilatation and hepatocyte necrosis were signifi cantly higher in D10 group than those in other groups (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, p = 0.002, p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, p = 0.046, p < 0.0001 and p = 0.002, respectively). Tissue MDA levels in D10 group were signifi cantly higher than those in control, D5+Vit C and D10+Vit C groups (p = 0.028, p = 0.004, p = 0.031, respectively). SOD enzyme activity in D10 group was signifi cantly lower than in control, D5+Vit C and D10+Vit C groups (p < 0.0001, p = 0.023 and p = 0.031, respectively). CONCLUSION: High dose dexmedetomidine can induce hepatic injury and oxidative stress in rats while pretreatment with vitamin C may be effective in protecting liver tissue against this newly recognized undesirable dexmedetomidine effect (Tab. 2, Fig. 5, Ref. 30). Text in PDF www.elis.sk.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder accompanied by an increase in oxidative stress. Ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a cascade of events initiated by tissue ischaemia. The cellular damage produced by reperfusion leads to an active inflammatory response. Erythrocyte deformability and plasma viscosity are of crucial importance for the perfusion of tissues and organs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of levosimendan on erythrocyte deformability during IR myocardial injury in diabetic rats. Methods: Twenty-four Wistar albino rats were included in the study after streptozocin (55 mg/kg) treatment for 4 weeks to observe the existence of diabetes. The animals were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups. In Group C and DC (sham-control group), the coronary artery was not occluded or reperfused in the control rats. Myocardial IR was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min, followed by 2 h of reperfusion in the diabetes-IR (DIR) and diabetes-IR-levosimendan (DIRL) group. Deformability measurements were performed in erythrocyte suspensions containing Htc 5 % in a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer. Results: The deformability index was signifi cantly increased in the diabetic rats. It was similar in Group DC and DIRL It was signifi cantly increased in the DIR group compared to Group C, DIRL and DC. The relative resistance was increased in the IR models. Conclusion: Erythrocyte deformability was decreased in rats with diabetes and IR injury. This injury might lead to further problems in microcirculation. Levosimendan may be useful in enhancing the adverse effects of this type of injury (Fig. 2, Ref. 41). Text in PDF www.elis.sk.

Background: Lornoxicam and iv paracetamol are commonly preferred to be used for postoperative analgesia. Although Aspirin is a well known non-steroid anti-infl ammatory drug that decreases the erythrocyte deformability, there is no study comparing lornoxicam and iv paracetamol regarding their effects on erythrocyte deformability recorded in literature. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of lornoxicam and IV paracetamol on blood perfusion and erythrocyte deformability on rats. Methods: Twenty male Wistar Albino rats were randomly divided into three groups as Lornoxicam group (Group L), IV paracetamol group (Group P), and control group (Group C). Intraperitoneal administrations were done in all groups except Group C. Liver and renal blood fl ows were conducted by laser Doppler and euthanasia was performed via intraabdominal blood uptake. Erythrocyte deformability was measured using a constant fl ow fi ltrometer system. Results: Lornoxicam increased the relative resistance which shows the erythrocyte deformability in rats (p<0.05). The comparison of Groups C and P revealed no statistically different results (p=0.731) while Group L revealed statistically higher results than Group C (p=0.022). No statistically signifi cant differences were found between groups L and P (p=0.073). Liver and renal blood fl ow values in Group L were just numerically decreased not statistically whilst no statistically signifi cant difference was found between the three groups. Conclusions: Lornoxicam have lead to functional disorders related to tissue perfusion as a result of both decreased blood fl ow and erythrocyte deformability (Fig. 3, Ref. 21).

Abstract:Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of adrenomedullin (AM) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on lung injury as a remote organ following skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model. Materials and methods: Thirty-six Wistar rats were randomized into six groups (n=6). Laparotomy was performed in all groups under general anesthesia. Nothing else was done in Group S (Sham). Ischemia reperfusion group (Group I/R) underwent ischemia and reperfusion performed by clamping and declamping of the infrarenal abdominal aorta for 120 minutes, respectively. Group VEGF and Group AM received intravenous infusion of VEGF (0.8 μg/kg) or AM (12 μg /kg) respectively, without ischemia and reperfusion. Group IR+VEGF and Group IR+AM received intravenous infusion of VEGF (0.8 μg/kg) or AM (12 μg /kg) respectively immediately after 2 hours period of ischemia. At the end of reperfusion period. Lung tissue samples were taken for biochemical examination. Total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) levels in lung tissue were determined by using a novel automated method. p<0.05 was considered as statistically signifi cant. Results: TOS levels were signifi cantly higher in Group I/R, when compared with groups S, AM and VEGF (p=0.004, p=0.011, p=0.017, respectively) and signifi cantly lower in groups I/R+AM and I/R+VEGF, when compared with Group I/R (p=0.018, p=0.006, respectively). TAS levels were signifi cantly higher in Group I/R, when compared with groups S, AM and VEGF (p=0.006 p=0.016, p=0.016, respectively) and signifi cantly lower in Group I/R+AM, when compared with Group I/R (p=0.016). Conclusion: These fi ndings indicate that AM and VEGF acted effectively on the prevention of lung injury induced by skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model (Fig. 2, Ref. 30). Full Text in PDF www.elis.sk.