Recent evidence suggests that one possible cause of disparities in health outcomes for stigmatized groups is the implicit biases held by health care providers. In response, several health care organizations have called for, and developed, new training in implicit bias for their providers. This review examines current evidence on the role that provider implicit bias may play in health disparities, and whether training in implicit bias can effectively reduce the biases that providers exhibit. Directions for future research on the presence and consequences of provider implicit bias, and best practices for training to reduce such bias, will be discussed.

The present research tested if having first-year medical students complete active learning workshops would reduce their implicit stereotyping of Hispanics as medically noncompliant. The workshops were tested with 78 majority (White) group, 16 target minority (Hispanic, African American, and American Indian) group, and 42 nontarget minority (Asian American and foreign-born students from East Asia and Southeast Asia) group students in the 2018 and 2021 classes in the American Southwest. Prior to the workshops, students completed an implicit association test (IAT) and then participated in 2 workshops that covered the psychology of intergroup bias, the role of implicit bias in patient care, and activities for learning six strategies for controlling the implicit stereotyping of patients. The results showed that before the workshops, the level of implicit stereotyping of Hispanics was significant for the majority and nontarget minority group students, but it was not significant for the target minority group students. After the workshops, target minority students again showed no bias, and implicit stereotyping was significantly lower for the majority group students, but not for the nontarget minority students. The results suggest that the workshops may have been effective for majority group and target minority group students, but that more cultural tailoring of the materials and activities may be necessary to address implicit bias among some minority group medical students.

14Objective 15 Implicit prejudice and stereotyping may exist in health care providers automatically without their 16 awareness. These biases can correlate with outcomes that are consequential for the patient. This 17 study examined gynecologic oncology care providers' implicit prejudice and stereotyping toward 18 cervical cancer. 19Methods 20Members of professional gynecologic oncology organizations were asked to complete two 21 Implicit Association Tests to determine if they implicitly associate cervical cancer with feelings 22 of anger (prejudice) and beliefs about culpability for the disease (stereotypes), compared to 23 ovarian cancer. Linear models and student t-tests examined average levels of implicit bias and 24 moderators of the implicit bias effects. 25 Results 26One-hundred seventy-six (132 female, 43 male, 1 nonresponse; � age = 39.18 years, SDage = 10.58 27 years) providers were recruited and the final sample included 151 participants (93 physicians and 28 58 nurses, � age = 38.93, SDage= 10.59). Gynecologic oncology providers showed significant 29 levels of implicit prejudice, � = 0.17, SD = 0.47, 95% CI: (0.10, 0.25), towards cervical cancer 30 patients. They also showed significant levels of implicit stereotyping of cervical cancer patients, 31 � = 0.15, SD = 0.42, 95% CI: (0.08, 0.21). Whereas physicians did not demonstrate significant 32 levels of implicit bias, nurses demonstrated greater levels of implicit prejudice and implicit 33 stereotyping. Providers without cultural competency/implicit bias training demonstrated greater 34 bias than those who had completed such training (p < 0.05). 35Conclusions 36 3This study provides the first evidence that gynecologic oncology providers hold implicit biases 37 related to cervical cancer. Interventions may be designed to target specific groups in gynecologic 38 oncology to improve interactions with patients. 39 4

Tattoos are increasing in popularity, yet minimal research has examined implicit attitudes or the relationship between implicit and explicit attitudes toward tattooed individuals. Seventy-seven online participants (Mage = 36.09, 52% women, 78% white, 26% tattooed) completed measures assessing implicit and explicit attitudes toward tattooed individuals. Results revealed evidence of negative implicit attitudes, which were associated with less perceived warmth, competence, and negative explicit evaluations. However, implicit attitudes were not correlated with measures of disgust or social distance. In addition, age predicted implicit prejudice, but other individual difference measures-such as personal tattoo possession, political identity, and internal/external motivations to respond without prejudice-did not. These findings are discussed in terms of how attitudes toward tattooed individuals may be multifaceted, and research may benefit from measuring implicit and explicit attitudes.

This research applied insights from terror management theory (TMT; Greenberg, Pyszczynski, & Solomon, 1986) to the world of sport. According to TMT, self-esteem buffers against the potential for death anxiety. Because sport allows people to attain self-esteem, reminders of death may improve performance in sport. In Study 1, a mortality salience induction led to improved performance in a "one-on-one" basketball game. In Study 2, a subtle death prime led to higher scores on a basketball shooting task, which was associated with increased task related selfesteem. These results may promote our understanding of sport and provide a novel potential way to improve athletic performance.