This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic characteristics and nutritional value of Massai grass (Megathyrsus maximus 'Massai') pastures fertilized with different nitrogen levels and subjected to deferred grazing. A completely randomized experimental design (CRD) was adopted, with including five nitrogen levels (zero, 100, 200, 300, and 400 kg ha −1 ), and five replications (plots). The degradability trial used a CRD including a 6 × 5 factorial arrangement, consisting of six rumen-incubation times (6, 24, 48, 60, 84, and 96 h) and five levels of nitrogen in different plots. One fistulated sheep, with a live weight of 60 kg, was used in the experiment. Total herbage biomass, dead herbage biomass, and height showed a quadratic response to nitrogen fertilization levels of 100 to 200 kg ha -1 resulted in greater tillering. Protein and dry matter content increased linearly with nitrogen fertilization level, leading to increase in fibrous components. The increase in NDF and ADF contents might be a consequence of the reduction in NCE, and the high flowering rate of the grass, owing likely to the reduction in metabolism of the grass in an attempt to extend its lifetime. Nitrogen levels of 300 kg ha −1 or higher affected the productive characteristics positively, whereas the chemical characteristics were negatively affected. Key words: Deferred period. Degradability of dry matter. Megathyrsus. Nitrogen fertilization. ResumoObjetivou-se avaliar as características agronômicas e valor nutritivo do capim-Massai (Megathyrsus maximus 'Massai') submetido a diferimento e doses crescentes de nitrogênio. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com cinco doses de nitrogênio (zero, 100; 200; 300 e 400 kg de N ha -1 ) com cinco repetições (parcelas). O ensaio de degradabilidade foi estruturado em DIC, com arranjo fatorial 6x5, seis tempos de incubação no rúmen (6, 24, 48, 60, 84 e 96 h) e cinco doses de N em parcelas diferidas. Utilizou-se um ovino fistulado com peso vivo de 60 kg. A biomassa de forragem total, morta e a altura respondeu à adubação nitrogenada de forma quadrática. A adubação nitrogenada nas doses 100 a 200 kg de N ha -1 proporcionou maior perfilhamento. A adubação nitrogenada proporcionou resposta linear sobre os teores de proteína e matéria seca em consequência também aumentou os constituintes fibrosos. O amento dos teores de FDN e FDA pode ser uma consequência da redução da ECN e da taxa de florescimento da gramínea, devido provavelmente à redução no metabolismo na tentativa de prolongar sua vida útil. A partir da dose de 300 kg de N ha -1 resultou em redução da degradação da matéria seca do capim-Massai. As doses de N influenciaram positivamente as características produtivas e negativamente as características químicas. Palavras-chave: Adubação nitrogenada. Degradabilidade da MS. Megathyrsus. Período de diferimento.

SUMMARY This study aimed to determine the area occupied by different tissues present in the leaf blade and the in situ degradability of leaf and stem of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) under different defoliation frequencies (30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days). Plants were classified into three levels of insertion in the tiller (apical, medial and basal). The results were presented as a proportion of the area of each tissue in relation to the total area of the leaf blade, namely, parenchyma tissue (PT), lignified vascular tissue (LVT) and non-lignified vascular tissue (NLVT). The proportion of tissue in the leaf blade is altered in accordance with the insertion in the tiller and increase in cutting age of the plant. PT has greater proportion at lower cutting ages, LVT increases with frequency and NLVT is higher at 60 days. The parameters of DM degradation in the two fractions evaluated decreased significantly with increasing maturity of the plant. The effective degradability of CP in leaf and stem decreased with the increase in the rate of passage (2, 5, and 8% h-1). The highest rate (c) of CP degradation for the leaf fraction was obtained with a frequency of 60 days, for the stem, with 45 days. The advance in plant maturity increases the proportion of lignified vascular tissue, thus influencing the ruminal degradation parameters of elephant grass. The defoliation frequency of 60 days offers an optimal point regarding the proportion of anatomical tissues correlated with the degradation of elephant grass.

Gastrointestinal parasitism is one of the factors that discourages farmers from raising small ruminants in cultivated pastures. To validate a soil treatment strategy to control the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), castor cake (CC) was used as a fertilizer on a pasture where sheep grazed on guinea grass under continuous stocking. On day zero, the pasture was divided into three paddocks, contaminated by GIN and treated, respectively, with CC divided into two applications (2CC1/2), CC in a single application (CC1) and organic compost in a single application (control). On day 21, eight GIN-free sheep were placed in each paddock. On day 58, significant differences (P<0.05) were observed: reduction of up to 66.10% in larvae.g-1 of dry mass in pastures fertilized with CC, decrease of up to 60.72% in infection rates among the animals in the groups treated with CC, higher average daily weight gain (over 185 g.day-1) and packed cell volume (over 26%) in the groups treated with CC, when compared to the control (128 g.day-1; 20.9%). In view of the results, the use of CC, mainly CC1, as a fertilizer for guinea grass pastures, under continuous stocking, proved to be promising, with 63.41% effectiveness in controlling worm infestations.

401Composição químico-bromatológica e degradabilidade in situ de capim-Marandu em sistemas silvipastoris formados por babaçu e em monocultivoChemical Composition and bromatologic degradability in situ of Marandu grass in silvopastoral systems formed by babassu and monoculture systems

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cutting age on the production, chemical composition, degradation kinetics and anatomy of Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala). The experimental design was a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement 2x4 (two types of tissues and four cutting ages) for the production data of dry matter and 3x4 (three degrees of degrees of digestion of tissues and four cutting ages). Observed effect (P < 0.05) for the total production of DM of Leucena in function of different ages. The tissue types grain and non-grain showed maximum production at 70 days of age, with production of 2333,00 and 716.60 kg DM ha-1, respectively. The parameters of degradation of DM evaluated decreased significantly with the increase in the maturity of the plant, in the same way the chemical composition presented behavior inherent to the advance of age. The effective degradability DM also decreased with the increase in the rate of passage (2, 5, and 8% h-1). The highest rate of degradation (c) was obtained for 30 days. With the advance in plant maturity increases the proportion of vascular tissue lignificad influencing parameters of ruminal degradation of Leucena. The ages assessed influenced the chemical composition of the Leucena (P < 0.05), where the levels of dry matter, crude protein, acid detergent fiber and lignin and ash showed increasing linear behavior. The cutting age of 70 days offers an optimal point regarding the proportion of anatomical tissues correlated with the degradation and chemical composition of the Leucena.

Perfil de Internações por doenças Cronicas em crianças e adolescentes Profile of hospitalizations for chronic diseases in children and adolescents

ABSTRACT.The objective was to evaluate the grazing behavior and the spatial distribution of feces of F1 young bulls from the cross between Nellore and Guzera on pastures of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu in silvopastoral systems composed of babassu palm (Attalea speciosa) and Marandu monoculture in the Pre-Amazon region of the state of Maranhão. Animals were evaluated in four systems consisting of 0, 80, 131, 160 palms ha -1 , characterizing monoculture (mono), low density of palm trees (LD), medium density of palm trees (MD) and high density of palm trees (HD) during the rainy (RE) and dry (DE) periods. Five animals (repetitions) were used in each system, with 231-303 days of age and 180±15 kg body weight. Determinations of behavioral patterns were made by instant sampling, at 10 min intervals. In each system, we demarcated 50 squares of 100 m 2 , which served as useful area to evaluate the dispersion of feces. The grazing behavior was influenced by the sward structure, which, in turn, was influenced by densities of palm trees, due to shading. The distribution of feces was affected by both the presence of babassu plantations and periods. The silvopastoral systems made the environment more pleasant to animals, since activities considered more stressful and avoided during the daytime were performed by animals of these environments, unlike animals in the monoculture system. Keywords: babassu, sward structure, dispersal, idle, palm trees, rumination.Comportamento de pastejo e distribuição espacial de fezes de tourinhos em sistemas silvipastoris e monocultura de capim-Marandu na região pré-amazônica RESUMO. Objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento de pastejo e a distribuição espacial de fezes de tourinhos F1 do cruzamento de Nelore com Guzerá em pastagens de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu em sistemas silvipastoris compostos por palmeiras de babaçu (Attalea speciosa) e em monocultivo de capim-Marandu na região pré-amazônica maranhense. Os animais foram avaliados em quatro sistemas, sendo 0, 80, 131, 160 palmeiras ha -1 , caracterizando monocultura (mono), baixa densidade de palmeiras (BDP), média densidade de palmeiras (MDP) e alta densidade de palmeiras (ADP), respectivamente, durante os períodos chuvoso (PC) e seco (PS). Foram utilizados cinco animais (repetições) em cada sistema, os animais tinham entre 231 e 303 dias de vida e peso vivo de 180±15 kg. As medidas dos padrões comportamentais foram realizadas por colheita instantânea, a intervalos de 10 min. Em cada sistema foram demarcados 50 quadrados de 100 m 2 , que serviram como área útil para avaliar a dispersão das fezes. Observou-se que o comportamento de pastejo foi influenciado pela estrutura do pasto, que por sua vez foi influenciado pelas densidades de palmeiras pelo sombreamento e a distribuição das fezes foi influenciada tanto pela presença dos babaçuais quanto pelos períodos avaliados. Os sistemas silvipastoris tornaram o ambiente mais agradável aos animais, visto que as atividades consideradas mais estressantes e que são evitadas durante o dia foram reali...

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