Our results suggest that a combination of p53cd72, CYP1A1, GSTM1 alleles and smoking plays a significant role in modified prostate cancer risk on the study population, which means that smokers carrying susceptible genotypes might have a significantly higher risk than those carrying non-susceptible genotypes.

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BackgroundIdentification and characterization of genetic variants and their effects on human health may allow to establish relationships between genetic background and susceptibility to developing cardiovascular diseases. LDLR and PCSK9 polymorphisms have been associated with higher lipid levels and risk of cardiovascular diseases. Thus, the main aim of this study was to evaluate genotype distribution and relative allelic frequency of LDLR rs5925 (1959C > T) and PCSK9 rs505151 (23968 A > G) genetic variants and their effects on lipid levels of healthy subjects from northern Chile.MethodsA total of 178 healthy individuals were recruited for this study. The genotyping of rs5925 (LDLR) and rs505151 (PCSK9) polymorphisms was performed by PCR‐RFLP and qPCR, respectively. In addition, glucose and lipid levels were determined and associated with the genetic data.ResultsGenotype distribution for LDLR rs5925 polymorphism was as follows: CC = 19%; CT = 53%; and TT = 28% (HWE: χ 2 = 0.80; P = .37), and for PCSK9 rs505151 genetic variant was as follows: AA = 93%; AG = 7%; and GG = 0% (HWE: χ 2 = 0.22; P = .64). The frequency of T (rs5925) and G (rs505151) mutated alleles was 0.55 and 0.03, respectively. Data showed that individuals carrying LDLR mutated allele (T) presented lower values of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL‐cholesterol when compared to CC homozygous genotype (P < .05). Subgroup analysis revealed that women carrying the PCSK9 mutated allele (G) exhibited higher values of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL‐C, and LDL‐C when compared to male group carrying the same genotype (P < .05).ConclusionsThe effect of LDLR rs5925 and PCSK9 rs505151 gene polymorphisms on lipid levels is associated with gender among healthy subjects from northern Chile.

INTRODUCCIONDesde finales de la década de los 80, los consumidores, especialmente europeos y norteamericanos, han visto con preocupación la aparición de una serie de crisis agroalimentarias originadas por el alcance y amplia difusión de patologías, como la encefalopatía espongiforme bovina (EEB o "mal de las vacas locas") y ovina ("scrapie"), la fiebre aftosa en bovinos, ovinos, caprinos y porcinos, los reiterados focos de peste porcina clásica (PPC), así como la detección de productos no permitidos o peligrosos en el ganado y en alimentos de origen animal, tales como hormonas y anabolizantes (clembuterol), antibióticos, pesticidas, contaminación con plomo, o el envenenamiento de la carne de hamburguesas por E. coli cepa O157 enterohemorrágica (EHEC). Todo esto ha causado gran alarma en muchos países y resalta al mismo tiempo la facilidad con que actualmente se extienden estos problemas y la complejidad de su control y prevención (Pettitt 2001). Para controlar estos riesgos a la salud humana en la cadena de alimentos y así asegurar la confianza del consumidor, las autoridades públicas necesitan información que les permita establecer rápidamente la fuente de infección o contaminación de los productos alimenticios. Surge así la imperiosa necesidad de establecer políticas de identificación y seguimiento individual de los animales, mediante la aplicación de nuevas tecnologías adaptadas a la modernización y globalización de los intercambios comerciales actuales, con lo que empieza a tomar notoriedad el término trazabilidad.En forma general, la trazabilidad es un conjunto de acciones, medidas y procedimientos técnicos que permite identificar y registrar cada producto desde su origen hasta el final de la cadena de comercialización. Así, la trazabilidad faculta rastrear la cadena de producción y otorga a los productores la posibilidad de colocar sus productos en mercados específicos más rentables, que exigen la certeza del origen y de las distintas etapas del proceso productivo. En el caso particular de los animales para consumo humano, esto significa seguir su procesamiento en toda la cadena, desde el nacimiento del SUMMARYThe use of labels for the identification of live animals and its products have been practiced for over 2000 years, being extensively used in Europe with the appearance of the first epidemic diseases. At present, the advances on crops and livestock genetic engineering, the appearance of new diseases related with food consumption (i.e. mad cow disease, E. coli 0157, etc.), and the discovery of contaminants in the food chain have produced great concern among the consumers. This is why it is so important that producers provide consumers with a guarantee on the product quality, specially since they now demand to know origin and quality of the food. In international markets, new procedures based on the concept "from gate to plate" have been implemented through the food chain, in order to bring out trademarks and certified processes which guarantee the quality of the food that goes out in the market. As a ...

Characterization of allelic variants is relevant to demonstrate associations among genetic background and susceptibility to develop cardiovascular diseases, which are the main cause of death in Chile. Association of APOB, APOE, and MTHFR polymorphisms with higher lipid levels and the risk of developing hypertension and cardiovascular diseases have been described. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess genotype distribution and relative allelic frequency of ApoB rs693, ApoE rs7412, ApoE rs429358, MTHFR rs1801131, and MTHFR rs1801133 allelic variants and their effects on lipid profile in young healthy men and women from Northern Chile. A group of 193 healthy subjects were enrolled for this study. Genotyping of rs693 (APOB), rs7412 and rs429358 (APOE), and rs1801131 and rs1801133 (MTHFR) polymorphisms were performed by real time PCR. In addition, lipid profiles were determined and associated to genetic data. The genotype distribution was APOB rs693 (CC = 37%, CT = 41%, and TT = 22%), APOE rs7412/rs429358 (E4 = 0.06, E3 = 0.91, and E2 = 0.03), MTHFR rs1801131 (AA = 57%, AC = 30%, and CC = 13%), and MTHFR rs1801133 (CC = 20%, CT = 47%, and TT = 33%). The association of the genetic variants with plasma lipid levels showed that women, but not men, carrying APOB mutated allele (T) and Apo E4 allele presented lower values of total cholesterol when compared with C/C homozygous genotype or E3 allele, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, a subgroup analysis revealed that ApoB C/C homozygous women exhibited higher values of HDL-C when compared with men carrying identical genotype (p &lt; 0.01). On the other hand, women carrying E4 allele exhibited lower values of triglycerides when compared with male carrying identical genotype (p &lt; 0.05). Finally, women carrying mutate allele (C) for MTHFR rs1801131 showed lower levels of triglycerides when compared with A/A homozygous genotype (p &lt; 0.05) and lower levels of LDL-C for MTHFR rs1801133 in females carrying (T) allele when compared with males carrying identical genotype (p &lt; 0.05). In summary, the present data showed that APOB, APOE, and MTHFR single nucleotide polymorphisms are associated to lipid levels in a gender-dependent manner among healthy subjects from Northern Chile, especially in women.