This paper summarises the findings from a literature review in mobile learning, developed as part of a 2-year six-institution project in New Zealand. Through the development of a key themes codebook, we address selected key themes with respect to their relevance to learner-generated learning through emerging technologies, with attention to mobile augmented reality and mobile virtual reality. We see that these two current mobile learning affordances, complemented though relevant approaches to research and practice in mobile learning such as design-based research and connected social learning, are critical to reconceptualise learning through mobile devices. We conclude that mobile learning still requires the theories, methodologies, and practices of its own as a field. We also see a need for mobile learning to be conceptualised around ever-changing learning affordances and educational settings, rather than focusing on static structures such as content-delivery approaches, while embedding it within the scholarship of technology enhanced learning.

This article evaluates the results of two prototype iterations of a design-based research project that explores the application of mobile mixed reality (MMR) to enhance critical care clinical health education simulation in Paramedicine. The project utilises MMR to introduce critical elements of patient and practitioner risk and stress into clinical simulation learning scenarios to create more authentic learning environments. Subjective participant feedback is triangulated against participant biometric data to validate the level of participant stress introduced to clinical simulation through the addition of MMR. Results show a positive impact on the learning experience for both novice and professional paramedic practitioners. The article highlights the development of implementation and data triangulation methodologies that can be utilised to enhance wider clinical simulation contexts than the original context of Paramedicine education. We argue that our collaborative transdisciplinary design team model provides a transferable framework for designing MMR-enhanced clinical simulation environments.

This paper is based on the second stage of a design-based research (DBR) project encompassing the initial prototyping of virtual reality (VR) simulation in paramedicine education using self-reported and biometric feedback data. In this discussion paper we present the range of reflections and theoretical possibilities that arose from the piloting experience and their implications in redesigning practice in paramedicine education. We focus on the foundational literature and epistemological understandings coming from neurophenomenological cognitive science applied in technology-enhanced learning, using mixed reality (MR) in paramedicine simulation learning as a case. We do so following the logic of a DBR methodological framework, in part demonstrating the usefulness of DBR when reflecting on applied practice to inform newer theoretical developments, leading to further integrated solutions in future practice. In addition, we also put attention on a conceptual shift from a focus on VR, to a focus on MR with emphasis on the associated benefits offered by MR learning situations within paramedicine education. Finally, we discuss the benefits of incorporating self-reported and biometric feedback data in paramedicine education in particular, and in technology-enhanced learning in general, for the design of meaningful learning experiences informed by emotional and physiological responses of learners.

In its ontological presuppositions, epistemological interests and methodological deliberations, critical theory of environmental education research (EER) is simultaneously scientific, normatively (and reflexively) critical, and non-idealistically practical. It is, therefore, a theory of practice, or praxis. Critical EE and its research aim for personal, social and ecological forms of justices achieved transformatively through the de and reconstruction of pedagogical, curriculum, policy and research practices that reconstitute various injustices. Missing from this reconstructive critique is the crucial role of aesthetics and the importance of affectivity in generating meaning about the agency of the researched by the researcher/actor. In this small scale self study of aesthetics and affectivity, we report on the deliberations of a workshop spread over two days about the aim of framing EER as a triad of environmental aestheticsenvironmental ethics -ecopolitics. We emphasize how sensuous ethnography in walking provided a methodological means within the mobility genre of interpretive research. We aim to generate meaning about the concept of ecosomaesthetics needed in a new language and images of environmental education. Some key images are included in the following text while others are referenced and available on-line (see footnote 7).Key Words: Ecosomaesthetics. Praxis. Walking/sensuous ethnography. AFECTIVIDAD EN LA INVESTIGACIÓN EN EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL ResumenEn sus presuposiciones ontológicas, intereses epistemológicos y deliberaciones metodológicas, la teoría crítica en la investigación en educación ambiental (IEA) es a la vez científica, normativamente (y por reflejo) crítica y, de forma no-idealista, práctica. Es, por lo tanto, una teoría de la práctica, o praxis. La EA crítica, y su objetivo de investigación de formas personales, sociales y ecológicas de justicia han logrado transformativamente a través de la

This paper proposes a design based research (DBR) framework for designing mobile virtual reality learning environments. The application of the framework is illustrated by two design-based research projects that aim to develop more authentic educational experiences and learner-centred pedagogies in higher education. The projects highlight the first two phases of the DBR framework, involving the exploration of mobile virtual reality (VR) to enhance the learning environment, and the design of prototype solutions for the different contexts. The design of the projects is guided by a set of design principles identified from the literature.

In this article, we present a theoretical framework for mixed reality (MR/XR) self-determined learning to enhance ecological literacy in free-choice educational settings. The framework emerged from a research study in New Zealand which aimed to explore how learning experiences which incorporate mobile technologies within free-choice learning settings can be designed to enhance learner development of marine ecological literacy. An understanding of how mobile technology can be integrated into the teaching and learning of sustainability education that incorporates free-choice learning contexts, such as visitor centres, is of strategic importance to both education outside the classroom and adult learning. Following a design-based research methodology, the framework is presented in the form of a set of design principles and guidelines, informed by key theories in ecological literacy and free-choice learning, heutagogy, bring your own device and self-determined learning. We briefly describe how the framework provided the foundation for an educational intervention. This paper aims to assist researchers and developers of MR/XR immersive learning environments to consider design principles and processes that can enhance learning outcomes within free-choice settings, such as museums and visitor centres.(page number not for citation purpose) learning practically anywhere in collaboration with anyone Pachler, Bachmair, and Cook 2010). They also promote innovative (Parsons 2013), inclusive (Traxler 2010) and transformative (Lindsay 2016) types of learning that challenge traditional teaching and learning approaches (Cochrane 2014;Merchant 2012). The content can be shaped to fit individual characteristics and needs (Aguayo 2016) through self-determined and real-life learning, and within user/learner-generated content and contexts, an approach known as heutagogy (Hase and Kenyon 2013;Luckin et al. 2010;Narayan and Herrington 2014).Recent mobile learning research has emphasised new patterns of connected social learning, and research into the transformative possibilities of digital tools (Cook and Santos 2016). We recognise that learning in the 21st century can occur practically anywhere at any time, in school and out, between students, teachers, non-formal educators and parents/adult learners. Twenty-first century learning outcomes also focus on enhancing access to knowledge and promoting organic and distributed social learning throughout the community, with an awareness that learning can be influenced by technological innovations and affordances (learning possibilities offered by technological tools) (Aguayo and Eames 2017b; Bull, Petts, and Evans 2008; Pachler, Bachmair, and Cook 2010). We also recognise that the sociocultural context provided by educational settings and those within them can build on, disrupt and challenge the personal constructs learners bring to those settings (Aguayo 2016; Rennie and Johnston 2004). A heutagogical approach mediated by mobile technologies could then act to create connections and reinforce lea...

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