Functional characteristics of digestive proteases and in vitro digestibility of several protein sources were studied in hatchlings of Central American river turtles, Dermatemys mawii. Acidic and alkaline proteases from the stomach and intestines were used, and optimums for acidic proteases were registered at 55°C and pH 2, while alkaline proteases were found at 55°C and pH 9. Ten protein ingredients, both vegetable and animal sources, were explored by the pH-STAT method, only for alkaline proteases. The degree of hydrolysis was at its highest for squid meal and lowest for blood meal, while the total free amino acids level was at its highest for squid meal, and lowest for wheat gluten meal. Our results indicate that D. mawii has a broad capacity to digest both animal and vegetable sources, and suggests some ingredients more suitable to design artificial diets for this species.
The Meso-American slider turtle ( Trachemys venusta) is a freshwater turtle that is widely distributed from Mexico to Colombia. Due to the overexploitation of populations of this species in Mexico, it has been placed within the “subject to special protection” category formulated by the Official Mexican Standard NOM-059-ECOL-2010. In the state of Tabasco, Mexico, Management Units for the Conservation of Wildlife (UMA) were created to reduce the impact of overexploitation of freshwater turtles bred in captivity. However, no genetic management plan was considered. The present study was carried out in an UMA in the state of Tabasco. We obtained the level of genetic diversity of the founder individuals of the UMA in order to develop a management plan which will optimize reproduction in the UMA. Genetic diversity was compared between captive (n = 86) and wild (n = 45) individuals using 14 microsatellite molecular markers. The genetic diversity parameter determined in this study was slightly higher for captive than for wild population ( He = 0.606 and He = 0.594 respectively), reflecting the mix of genetic sources in captive group (founding individuals from different localities) and demonstrating that the captive population contains a diverse subset of alleles from representative populations. The analysis of genetic structure revealed a relationship between captive and wild populations, indicating the influence of the two principal river basins in this region on the populations structure of freshwater turtles. Finally, according to the results obtained from the relationship analysis, we recommend the use of 19 females and 13 males to constitute the appropriate breeding group, generating a potential of 247 dyads with no relationship. However, in order to improve breeding program and the genetic diversity of captive population, we suggest to introduce wild-caught individuals. These results are the first regarding genetic management in a Mexican UMA and demonstrate the importance of molecular approaches in the management and conservation of captive species.
Recibido: Mayo 4 del 2015Aceptado: Noviembre 27 del 2015. RESUMENEl presente trabajo se realizó en la cuenca baja del río Tonalá, en los municipios de Cardenas y Huimanguillo, Tabasco, México, con el objetivo de inventariar las especies arbóreas presentes en las localidades de La Venta, Villa Benito Juárez, Paylebot, Cuautemoczin y el Yucateco. Se realizaron entrevistas a los copreros, ganaderos, tasisteros, carboneros, mangleros y carpinteros. Se registro la presencia de 58 especies y 54 géneros, agrupadas en 26 familias botánicas. Las familias más frecuentes fueron Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Moraceae, Anacardiaceae, Combretaceae y Sapindaceae. se registro que el 33% de las especies se desarrollan en áreas inundables y 67% en áreas parcialmente inundadas. Los usos más comunes de estas especies son: combustible, para construcción (cimbra), mango de herramientas, muebles, carpintería, postes, cercos vivos, alimento, medicina y otros. El mangle rojo, se emplea en la construcción de casas, elaboración de carbón, leña y artesanías. La madera del estípite del coco se emplea para la elaboración de muebles, bases para macetas y figuras artesanales; con la copra molida se elabora cocoa y chocolates. Las frondas de las palmas de guano largo se utilizan para el techado de casas, trojes y graneros. El tasiste se emplea para cercos, postes, graneros y en la elaboración de mesas, sillas, camas, comedores entre otros. De la flora registrada Avicennia germinans L., Calophyllum brasiliense Camb., Laguncularia racemosa (L). Gaertn., Rhizophora mangle L., Roystonea regia H.B.K. y Spondias radlkoferi Donn. Smith, son especies amenazadas de acuerdo a la NOM-059-ECOL-2010. Palabras clave: maderable, río Tonalá, Tabasco ABSTRACTThis work was performed in the lower basin of the Tonalá River in the municipalities of Cardenas and Huimanguillo Tabasco, Mexico, in order to inventory tree species present in the towns of La Venta, Villa Benito Juarez, Paylebot, Cuautemoczin and Yucateco. Coconut, livestock, tasiste palm, charcoal, mangroves producers and carpenters were interviewed. The presence of 54 genus and 58 species, grouped in 26 botanical families were recorded. The most frequent families were Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Moraceae, Anacardiaceae, Combretaceae and Sapindaceae. It was registered that 33% of the species develop in flooded areas and 67% in partially flooded areas. The most common uses of these species were: fuel, construction (formwork), handle tools, furniture, carpentry, posts, hedges, food, medicine and others. The red mangrove is used in building houses, charcoal production, firewood and crafts. Stipe wood coconut is used for making furniture, bases for pots and handcrafted figures; with ground cocoa and copra is made chocolates. Palm fronds long guano is used for roofing houses, granaries and barns. The tasiste paml is used for fences, poles, barns and making tables, chairs, beds and dining. Avicennia germinans L., Calophyllum brasiliense Camb., Laguncularia racemosa (L). Gaertn., Rhizophora mangle L., Roystonea regia HBK and Sp...
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