Methods based on the analyses of cigarette filters have been used to estimate 'tar' and nicotine yields to smokers. These methods rely on the measurement of filtration efficiencies (FEs). However FEs may be influenced by both cigarette design features e.g., type of filter and levels of filter ventilation, and human smoking behaviour factors such as puff flow-rates and cigarette butt lengths. Two filter analysis methods are considered in our study. One is based on the analysis of whole filters using average values of FEs obtained from a range of machine smoking regimes. The other, a 'part filter' method, analyses a 10 mm section from the mouth end of the filter where the FE remains relatively constant irrespective of puff flow rates and butt lengths. Human puffing behaviour records were obtained from 10 smokers, each smoking six commercial cigarettes ranging from 1 mg to 12 mg 'tar' yields [International Standard (ISO) values]. These records were used to drive a human smoke duplicator and the resulting 'tar' and nicotine yields obtained from duplication were compared with the estimates obtained from 'whole' and 'part filter' analysis. The results indicated that whilst both filter methods gave good correlations with nicotine and 'tar' yields obtained from smoke duplication, the 'part filter' method was less susceptible to the effect of nicotine condensation and changes in FEs and hence gave a more accurate assessment of yields than the 'whole filter' method. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 22 (2006) 176-184] ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Zur Abschätzung der Kondensat-und Nikotinaufnahme durch Raucher können Methoden verwendet werden, die auf Analysen von Zigarettenfiltern beruhen. Diesen Methoden liegt die Messung der Filtrationseffizienz (FE) zu Grunde. Die Filtrationseffizienz kann jedoch sowohl durch das Zigarettendesign, wie zum Beispiel Filtertyp und Grad der Filterventilation, als auch durch Faktoren des menschlichen Rauchverhaltens, wie die Flussrate während eines Zuges und die Stummellänge, beeinflusst werden. In unserer Untersuchung wurden zwei Filteranalysemethoden berücks-ichtigt. Die eine Methode basiert auf der Analyse der ganzen Filter. Hierbei werden Durchschnittswerte der FE verwendet, die unter verschiedenen maschinellen Abrauchbedingungen ermittelt wurden. Bei der anderen, einer "Teil-Filter" Methode, wird ein 10 mm großes Stück vom mundseitigen Ende des Filters untersucht. In diesem Bereich bleibt die FE, unabhängig von den Flussraten während des Zuges und der Stummellänge, relativ konstant. Die Werte des menschlichen Rauchverhaltens stammen von 10 Rauchern, die jeweils sechs handelsübliche Zigaretten mit Kondensatgehalten von 1 bis 12 mg (Methode der Internationalen Organisation für Normung, ISO) rauchten. Mit diesen Parametern wurde ein Rauch-Duplikator betrieben und die ermittelten Kondensat-und Nikotinwerte wurden mit den Schätzungen verglichen, die mit der Gesamt-und der Teil-Filter Methode ermittelt wurden. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass beide Filteranalysemethoden eine gute Korrelation mit den aus dem Rauch-D...
SUMMARYThe analysis of spent filters from human-smoked (HS) cigarettes has been used to estimate cigarette yields for over three decades. Until recently, the whole filter was used for estimation; however a part-filter method has been shown to improve the accuracy of estimated HS yields. The partfilter method uses only the mouth-end portion of the filter, downstream of the ventilation holes, for analysis. In this portion, the filtration efficiency is relatively constant irrespective of typical puff flow rates of humans and also minimizes butt length effects (e.g. nicotine condensation) on filtration efficiency. Therefore, the estimations of HS cigarette yields are more robust to human smoking conditions than previous whole-filter methods. British American Tobacco has adopted this method to obtain better understanding of how smokers actually use their products in their everyday environment. This can give information to help understand approaches to harm reduction. Since adopting this method, modifications and quality control features have been added to improve the accuracy of the estimation. This paper will describe in detail the methodology currently in use, along with sources of error, storage studies, quality control, repeatability and reproducibility. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 23 (2009) 232-243]
The Smoking Behaviour Sub Group of the Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) was set up in 1996 with the aims of reviewing information relevant to smoking behaviour, publishing the reviews, identifying gaps in information and suggesting suitable studies. So far three reviews have been published by members of the sub group (1-3) and other reviews are in progress. One aspect of the subject that has become apparent to the sub group is that terms are used inconsistently in various papers on smoking behaviour. We therefore propose that the following terms and their definitions are used in the future.
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