Validation of Methods for Determining Consumer Smoked Cigarette Yields from Cigarette Filter Analysis

Shepperd, CJ; Charles, F.; Lien, M; Dixon, M

doi:10.2478/cttr-2013-0826

Cited by 29 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…This effect was found to cause an overestimation of 'tar' and nicotine yields with whole filter analysis (10). The improvement in accuracy of the part-filter over the whole-filter method was demonstrated by SHEPPERD et al (10) using a wide range of actual human puffing parameters programmed into a puffing duplicator smoking machine. This demonstrated the robustness of the part-filter method in estimating HS cigarette yields over a wide range of human puffing parameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…This results in relatively constant filtration efficiency over a wide range of smoking behavior. In addition, this minimizes the effect of direct condensation of 'tar' and nicotine vapors on the filter when smoking close to the filter since the mouth-end is further from the coal (6,10). This effect was found to cause an overestimation of 'tar' and nicotine yields with whole filter analysis (10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The analysis of the mouth portion of a filter was developed to minimize the effects of human smoking behavior on filtration efficiency when predicting yields. Filtration efficiency is a non-linear function of smoke velocity through the filter (6,10), and by using only the mouth end, the expected range is moved to a flatter (but not flat) portion of the curve. There is still a flow rate effect; but variation is minimized.…”

Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, this minimizes the effect of direct condensation of 'tar' and nicotine vapors on the filter when smoking close to the filter since the mouth-end is further from the coal (6,10). This effect was found to cause an overestimation of 'tar' and nicotine yields with whole filter analysis (10). The improvement in accuracy of the part-filter over the whole-filter method was demonstrated by SHEPPERD et al (10) using a wide range of actual human puffing parameters programmed into a puffing duplicator smoking machine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Robust Method for Estimating Human Smoked Cigarette Yields from Filter Analysis Data

Charles

Ashley

Shepperd

et al. 2009

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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SUMMARYThe analysis of spent filters from human-smoked (HS) cigarettes has been used to estimate cigarette yields for over three decades. Until recently, the whole filter was used for estimation; however a part-filter method has been shown to improve the accuracy of estimated HS yields. The partfilter method uses only the mouth-end portion of the filter, downstream of the ventilation holes, for analysis. In this portion, the filtration efficiency is relatively constant irrespective of typical puff flow rates of humans and also minimizes butt length effects (e.g. nicotine condensation) on filtration efficiency. Therefore, the estimations of HS cigarette yields are more robust to human smoking conditions than previous whole-filter methods. British American Tobacco has adopted this method to obtain better understanding of how smokers actually use their products in their everyday environment. This can give information to help understand approaches to harm reduction. Since adopting this method, modifications and quality control features have been added to improve the accuracy of the estimation. This paper will describe in detail the methodology currently in use, along with sources of error, storage studies, quality control, repeatability and reproducibility. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 23 (2009) 232-243]

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Robust Method for Estimating Human Smoked Cigarette Yields from Filter Analysis Data

Charles

Ashley

Shepperd

et al. 2009

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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“…Elimination half period for carbon monoxide from the body is between 4 and 6 hours (524) and for cotinine in plasma about 17 hours (525). (498). They reported trends towards slightly lower "tar" and nicotine mouth level exposures with mentholated cigarettes than non-mentholated cigarettes of comparable "tar" yield.…”

Section: Influence Of Mentholated Cigarettes On Smoking Topography Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

Klus¹,

Scherer²,

Müller

2012

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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Tobacco additives play an important role in the manufacturing and for the quality of tobacco products, particularly cigarettes and roll-your-own tobaccos. Attention is increasingly given to the potential effects of additives on consumer behavior and health. This review is intended to compile, collate and - to some degree - evaluate the wealth of pertinent scientific information available from the published literature and other special sources. At first, the reasons are set forth for the use of additives in cigarette manufacturing. In response to the growing controversy over the attractiveness and addictiveness of smoking, the clarification of terms and concepts is followed by a detailed discussion of two kinds of substances with particular relevance: Additives like ammonium compounds that are claimed to increase nicotine availability, and additives that are claimed to increase nicotine addictiveness.The composition and toxicity of mainstream smoke of cigarettes with and without additives are assessed in several respects. The potentials of pyrolysis studies are explored by looking at a number of key studies and some basic considerations regarding in vitro and in vivo toxicity testing are addressed. Five major literature reviews on additives published between 1994 and 2004, and the results of several comprehensive experimental studies covering a large range of additives, released between 2002 and 2012, are dealt with in detail. Single tobacco additives of particular importance (menthol, glycerol, 1,2-propylene glycol, sorbitol, sugars, cocoa, licorice, citric acid, triacetin, and ammonium compounds) are discussed in dedicated chapters, which are generally subdivided into special sections: Use and toxicological assessment; inclusion level in cigarettes, transfer and pyrolysis; attractiveness and addictiveness; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke composition; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke toxicity. Epidemiological findings and data obtained by the biomonitoring of smokers consuming cigarettes with and without additives are compiled and interpreted specifically for American blend cigarettes, Virginia cigarettes, “French” (dark) cigarettes and menthol cigarettes whereby the focus is on the effects of additives on smoking topography and potential health risks.Opinionated reviews were published in recent years that are compromised by arbitrary selection of sources and unbalanced views. Leaving those unconsidered, the aggregated scientific knowledge shows that tobacco additives have only occasional and limited effects on cigarette mainstream smoke composition, which are almost never reflected in the results of toxicological in vitro assays or in vivo studies. This supports the conclusion that tobacco additives are not likely to increase the known health risks of smoking. There is also no evidence for sustaining claims that certain additives increase nicotine availability or nicotine addictiveness.

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A comparison of nicotine dose estimates in smokers between filter analysis, salivary cotinine, and urinary excretion of nicotine metabolites

et al. 2006

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Rationale Nicotine uptake during smoking was estimated by either analyzing the metabolites of nicotine in various body fluids or by analyzing filters from smoked cigarettes. However, no comparison of the filter analysis method with body fluid analysis methods has been published. Objectives Correlate nicotine uptake estimates between filter analysis, salivary cotinine, and urinary excretion of selected nicotine metabolites to determine the suitability of these methods in estimating nicotine absorption in smokers of filtered cigarettes. Materials and methods A 5-day clinical study was conducted with 74 smokers who smoked 1-19 mg Federal Trade Commission tar cigarettes, using their own brands ad libitum. Filters were analyzed to estimate the daily mouth exposure of nicotine. Twenty-four-hour urine samples were collected and analyzed for nicotine, cotinine, and 3′-hydroxycotinine plus their glucuronide conjugates. Saliva samples were collected daily for cotinine analysis.Results Each method correlated significantly (p<0.01) with the other two. The best correlation was between the mouth exposure of nicotine, as estimated by filter analysis, and urinary nicotine plus metabolites. Multiple regression analysis implies that saliva cotinine and urinary output are dependent on nicotine mouth exposure for multiple days. Creatinine normalization of the urinary metabolites degrades the correlation with mouth exposure. Conclusions The filter analysis method was shown to correlate with more traditional methods of estimating nicotine uptake. However, because filter analysis is less complicated and intrusive, subjects can collect samples easily and unsupervised. This should enable improvements in study compliance and future study designs.

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Validation of Methods for Determining Consumer Smoked Cigarette Yields from Cigarette Filter Analysis

Cited by 29 publications

References 15 publications

A Robust Method for Estimating Human Smoked Cigarette Yields from Filter Analysis Data

A Robust Method for Estimating Human Smoked Cigarette Yields from Filter Analysis Data

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

A comparison of nicotine dose estimates in smokers between filter analysis, salivary cotinine, and urinary excretion of nicotine metabolites

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