RESUMO: O artigo apresenta parte dos resultados de uma pesquisa sobre as atuais configurações de gênero no trabalho docente nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental, que foi historicamente associado a uma feminilidade e a práticas de cuidado. Contudo, as novas formas de gestão difundidas na administração pública brasileira desde o final da década de 1990, têm colocado em questão esse modelo, ao exigirem dos educadores e educadoras posturas baseadas não apenas na lógica de mercado, mas também em valores que se considera como relativos a um tipo de masculinidade, como individualismo, competitividade, foco na ascensão na carreira e em recompensas monetárias. Para investigar se esses movimentos levaram ao apagamento dos traços históricos de feminilidade associados ao trabalho das professoras dos anos iniciais, foi feito um estudo qualitativo na rede pública estadual de SP, que indicou a permanência de referências a uma feminilidade, porém ressignificadas e contraditoriamente integradas às novas políticas gerencialistas.
RESUMO Buscando compreender as concepções coletivas de masculinidade entre os meninos e as possíveis implicações dessas concepções em seus desempenhos escolares, realizamos uma pesquisa etnográfica com crianças de aproximadamente dez anos de idade das camadas trabalhadoras, alunos/as de uma escola pública da cidade de São Paulo, utilizando observações e entrevistas. Identificamos que ser “bom aluno” não parecia contraditório para a afirmação da masculinidade daqueles meninos; ao contrário, o engajamento escolar era reconhecido como um aspecto positivo entre eles. Para ser “bom aluno”, no entanto, os garotos precisavam conseguir jogar nas relações de poder entre pares, valendo-se de práticas de masculinidades valorizadas, (re)construindo hierarquias escolares e sociais em suas interações.
Black working-class boys are the group with the most significant difficulties in their schooling process. In dialogue with Raewyn Connell, we seek to analyze how the collective conceptions of peer groups have influenced the school engagement of Brazilian boys. We conducted an ethnographic research with students around the age of 14 at an urban state school in the periphery of the city of São Paulo. We analyzed the hierarchization process between two groups of boys, demonstrating the existence of a collective notion of masculinity that works against engagement with the school. Well-known to the Anglophone academic literature, this association is rather uncommon in the Brazilian literature. We have therefore attempted to describe and analyze here the challenges faced by Black working-class Brazilian boys to establish more positive educational trajectories.
Several Brazilian educational indicators show that boys tend to establish a shorter and more troubled school life. Considering these indicators, academical research has been done in order to understand boy's underachievement through a discussion about gender and masculinities. Taking these educational indicators as a starting point, I conducted a qualitative research about high-achieving boys as a way to think about the multiplicity of masculinities practices among boys and to nuance the discussion about the topic. Based on Raewyn Connell's sociological theory about masculinities and her ideias about the agency of children as an aspect of the schools gender regime, I analyzed how high-achieving boys articulate a good school performance and their interactions among peers. The qualitative research was done in a public primary school in São Paulo (Brazil) that is attended by working-class pupils. During a semestre in 2014 and a semestre in 2015, I did a participant observation in the daily school life of a group in the 4th and 5th grades of elementary school. In addition to the participant observation, I interviewed the children, a male and a female teacher. Socioeconomic questionnaires were also answered by family members. Contrary to what I expected from the literature about masculinities and achievement, to be a "high-achieving pupil" was not contradictory or difficult for the boys, instead, engagement and academic achievement was valued and recognized as a positive aspect among boys students. Nevertheless, not all the boys were "hich-achieving pupils" and those tended to distance themselves from the "underachieving pupils". Involved in hierarquical relations among peers, in order to be a "high-achieving pupil" boys have to be able to play on the power relations, constructing and reconstructing social and school hierarchies among their peer group.
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