In this study, the success of in vivo and in vitro micrografts of pistachio (Pistacia vera L. cv. "Siirt") materials are presented. The only variable tested was age (1, 5, 10, and 30-year-old trees). Ten-to 12-day-old axenic seedlings germinated in vitro or seedlings (3 to 5 months-old) grown in pots in vivo were used as rootstocks. Shoot tips collected from the four age classes of mature trees of pistachio were the source of scions. Firm contact between the scion and rootstock was assured through the use of parafilm tape at the graft junction for in vivo micrografts. The in vivo micrografting system provided good growth and development for new axillary shoots. These plantlets were successfully transplanted and no problems were encountered with the establishment of micrografted plants in soil. The recovery of microscions was slow, but the use of micrografts onto herbaceous rootstocks proved a useful technique.

This study was conducted to increase total phenolics, flavonoids and hypericin accumulation in in vitro cultures of Hypericum retusum Aucher to determine the appropriate time of UV radiations. Proliferation of plantlets on Murashige-Skoog medium containing 0.5 mg L(- 1)N-6-benzylaminopurine was achieved under in vitro conditions. Then, the plantlets were exposed to UV-B radiation for different periods (15, 30, 45 and 60 min). The highest total phenolics, flavonoids and hypericin accumulation (43.17 ± 0.8; 35.09 ± 0.8; 2.7 ± 0.05 mg g(- 1), respectively) was achieved at 45 minutes of exposure to UV-B radiation when compared with the contents of naturally growing plants (23.33 ± 0.9, 18.62 ± 0.3 and 1.6 ± 0.01 mg g(- 1), respectively) and control groups (control group was not subjected to UV-B radiation).

In this study, an efficient procedure was developed for callus induction and regeneration of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) using different organs of shoots developed under in vitro conditions. Effects of explants source and media (M(1), 1.0 mg l(-1) BA + 2.0 mg l(-1) 2,4-D-M(2), 1.0 mg l(-1) NAA + 2.0 mg l(-1) 2,4-D) on initiation of callus were examined in order to obtain callus for organogenesis. The best callus for plant regeneration was obtained from leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog's medium (MS) supplemented with M(2). Formation of callus from leaf of kiwifruit (A. deliciosa) was cultured in MS medium containing different concentration of N(6)-benzylaminopurin (BA; 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 mg l(-1)) for callus proliferation and plant regeneration. Although the first shoot formation was appeared in medium containing 6.0 and 8.0 mg l(-1) BA, the best shoots formation was obtained in medium with 4.0 mg l(-1) BA.

Since the seeds of endemic Ajuga vestita are difficult to germinate naturally they were subjected to in vitro culture. Highest rate of germination was obtained in 1/4 MS medium supplemented with 30 g sucrose in light. Microshoots subcultured in 1/1 MS supplemented with 0.125 mg/l Kn rooted well and transferred to soil with 80% success.

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An efficient protocol was established for in vitro shoot multiplication from apical shoot tips derived from mature trees of almond (Amygdalus communis L.) cultivars, Yaltsinki. Explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (1962) (MS) medium containing various concentrations of 6-benzyladenin (BA) and kinetin (kin) for shoot multiplication. Shoot multiplication was best achieved from explant on MS medium containing 30 gl-1 sucrose, 7 gl-1 agar and 1.0 mgl-1 BA. This amount of BA (1.0 mgl-1) gave the best multiple shoot formation response with an average of 16.10 shoots per explant. In addition, shoots were cultured on the media containing 1.0 mgl-1 BA and kin combined with three different auxins (0.25 and 0.5 mgl-1 of IAA, IBA and NAA) separately. It was noted that 1.0 mgl-1 BA and kin combinated with NAA had inhibitory effect on new shoot formation and no shoot formation was induced. However, explants cultivated on medium containing 1.0 mgl-1 BA and 0.5 mgl-1 IAA resulted in 11.25 shoots per explant. The effect of four different sucrose concentrations (20, 30, 40, 50 gl-1) on the multiplication of shoots was also investigated. The best shoot multiplication was obtained in MS media containing 30 gl-1 sucrose with an average of 15.40 shoots per explant.