No abstract

Yellow strain Flammulina velutipes, which is known as Jinhua mushroom in Taiwan, has become popular among customers due to its distinct texture that is utterly different from white strain F. velutipes. However, there has been little study on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities, and biological functions of yellow strain F. velutipes polysaccharides (FVYs). The specific aims of this study are to evaluate and compare the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities, and biological functions of FVYs and white strain F. velutipes polysaccharides (FVWs) in order to select the strain appropriate for cosmetic ingredient. The FVYs and FVWs were prepared by fractional precipitation (40%, 60%, and 80%). According to the results, FVY-80 showed the greatest antioxidant activities based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (IC50 = 2.22 mg/mL) and 2,2’ -azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical assay (IC50 = 2.04 mg/mL). None of the fractions exhibited cytotoxicity toward L929 cell under a concentration of 500 μ g/mL. FVY-80 significantly reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in L929 cell by 55.96%, as compared with the H2O2-induced L929 cell, according to the dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay. In conclusion, we suggest that FVY-80 is the best source for a cosmetics ingredient.

Pholiota nameko, a type of edible and medicinal fungus, is currently grown extensively for food and traditional medicine in China and Japan. It possesses various biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemia and antitumor activities. However, P. nameko has rarely been discussed in the field of dermatology; identifying its biological activities could be beneficial in development of a new natural ingredient used in wound care. To evaluate its in vitro wound healing activities, the present study assessed the antioxidant and anti-collagenase activities of P. nameko polysaccharides (PNPs) prepared through fractional precipitation (40%, 60% and 80% (v/v)); the assessments were conducted using reducing power, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate and collagenase activity assays. The ability of PNPs to facilitate L929 fibroblast cell proliferation and migration was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and scratch assays. The findings indicated that, among all fractions, PNP-80 showed the best antioxidant and anti-collagenase activity, as measured by their reducing power (IC50 of PNP-80 was 2.43 ± 0.17 mg/mL), the hydroxyl radical scavenging (IC50 of PNP-80 was 2.74 ± 0.11 mg/mL) and collagenase activity assay, and significantly reduced cellular ROS content, compared with that of H2O2-induced L929 cells. Moreover, PNP-80 significantly promoted L929 fibroblast proliferation and migration, compared with the control group. Overall, we suggested that PNP-80 could be a promising candidate for further evaluation of its potential application on wound healing.

The result of this study showed that UAE was a suitable method for the extraction of total phenolic compounds. Moreover, the author's main finding in this work is the fact that phenolic compounds from P. emblica show excellent antioxidant activity in multi-test systems.

Background Polysaccharopeptides (PSPs) extracted from Trametes versicolor show antitumor, anti‐inflammatory, and immunomodulation effects. According to our previous report, the enzymatic hydrolysates obtained from T versicolor PSPs by 80 U/mL β‐1,3‐D‐glucanase (PSPs‐EH80) did not change the functional groups of PSPs but enhanced their antioxidative activities. However, the mechanism elevating the antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effect of PSPs‐EH80 is not clear. Aims This research focused on the protective mechanism(s) of PSPs‐EH80 against free radical and 2,2'‐azobis (2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)‐induced oxidative damage in human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. Methods We evaluated the anti‐inflammatory potential of PSPs‐EH80 by assessing its free radical‐induced oxidative damage. Using the HaCaT cell as the experimental system, we tested the protective effects of PSPs‐EH80 on a model of AAPH‐induced cellular oxidative damage through the assessment of cell survival rate. Heme oxygenase 1 (HO‐1), nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB), extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase were determined using MTT assays and Western blotting. Results We demonstrated that PSPs‐EH80 significantly enhanced keratinocyte viability, and augmented the antioxidant HO‐1 expressions through upregulation of the Nrf2, compared with PSPs. Furthermore, PSPs‐EH80 significantly reduced AAPH‐induced COX‐2 expressions through downregulation of the ERK, p38, and NF‐κB signaling pathways. Conclusion The PSPs‐EH80 exhibits a stronger antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory capacity than PSPs. Therefore, PSPs‐EH80 could be effective for attenuating free radical‐induced oxidative damage in human skin and can be applied widely in the fields of cosmetics and medicine.