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Electrospraying technology has been studied in many fields to produce particles of various substances from nanoscale to microscale sizes. Unlike pure liquids, droplets formed by electrospraying that are comprised of polymer solutions undergo additional solidification processes involving solvent evaporation, which primarily determine the particle size and morphology. Herein, the effects of the solvent properties on the morphology and dimensions of solidified particles were systematically studied. In general, the size of the solidified spherical particles with smooth surfaces reflected that of the initially formed liquid droplets, which could partially be estimated by theoretical equations developed for pure liquids. Particle sizes increased with an increase in polymer content and a decrease in the boiling point of the volatile solvent. Inhomogeneous drying processes related to phase separation or skin formation resulted in hollow, cuplike, and porous particle structures, with particle sizes and morphologies that were outside of the scope of the theoretical treatments. The selection of a proper solvent or solvent mixture seemed to be a convenient way to control the particle morphologies, such as hollow, cuplike, or porous structures.

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Sapoviruses (SaVs) cause severe acute gastroenteritis in humans and animals. Although they replicate in intestinal epithelial cells, which are tightly sealed by apical-junctional complexes, such as tight junctions (TJs), the mechanisms by which SaVs hijack TJs and their proteins for successful entry and infection remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that porcine SaVs (PSaVs) induce early dissociation of TJs, allowing them to bind to the TJ protein occludin as a functional coreceptor. PSaVs then travel in a complex with occludin into late endosomes through Rab5- and Rab7-dependent trafficking. Claudin-1, another TJ protein, does not directly interact with PSaV but facilitates the entry of PSaV into cells as an entry factor. This work contributes to our understanding of the entry of SaV and other caliciviruses into cells and may aid in the development of efficient and affordable drugs to treat SaV infections.

ObjectivesTo compare tinnitus patients who have normal hearing between 250 Hz and 8 kHz with normal controls with regard to the ability of each group to hear extended high-frequency pure tone thresholds.MethodsWe enrolled 18 tinnitus patients, each of whom had a threshold of HL <25 dB and threshold differences of <10 dB between ears at frequencies of 250 and 500 Hz and 1, 2, 4, and 8 kHz. We also enrolled age- and gender-matched normal volunteers (10 ears), for each patient. Extended high frequency pure tone audiometry was performed, and the mean hearing thresholds at 10, 12, 14, and 16 kHz of each tinnitus ear were compared with those of the 10 age- and sex-matched normal ears.ResultsOf the 18 patients with tinnitus, 12 had significantly increased hearing thresholds at more than one of the four high frequencies, compared with the normal group. When we assessed results according to frequency, we found that 8 patients had decreased hearing ability at 10 kHz, 10 at 12 kHz, 8 at 14 kHz, and 4 at 16 kHz.ConclusionSome patients with tinnitus who have normal hearing below 8 kHz have decreased hearing ability at extended high-frequencies. Thus, the proportion of patients with tinnitus who have normal hearing over the entire audible range is smaller than in previous reports.

Bacteria growing in biofilms experience gradients of environmental conditions, including varying levels of nutrients and oxygen. Therefore, bacteria within biofilms may enter distinct physiological states, depending on the surrounding conditions. In this study, rpoS expression and RpoS levels were measured as indicators of stationary phase growth within thick continuously-fed Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. The level of rpoS expression in a 3-day-old biofilm was found to be three-fold higher than the average expression in stationary phase planktonic culture. RpoS levels in biofilms, indicated by immunoblot analysis, were similar to levels in stationary phase planktonic cultures. In planktonic cultures, oxygen limitation did not lead to increased levels of RpoS, suggesting that oxygen limitation was not the environmental signal causing increased expression of rpoS. These results suggest that bacteria within P. aeruginosa biofilms may exhibit stationary phase characteristics even when cultured in flow conditions that continually replenish nutrients.