An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a microwell fluorescent antibody (FA) direct count method have been developed for the monitoring of salmonellas in soil. Both methods have a minimum detection level of ca 10(6) cells per gram of soil. The FA direct count method gave a linear recovery for the inoculum range 10(6)-10(9) cells per gram of soil. When monitored by plate counts the survival of salmonellas was greater in a sterile than in a non-sterile soil. Evidence was found for the production of viable but non-culturable salmonellas in non-sterile soil; plate counts dropped rapidly with time, but FA direct counts and ELISA remained level. The salmonella cells became progressively smaller and rounder with time. Dead salmonella cells introduced into soil rapidly disappeared.

INTRODUCTIONThe natural decay of enteric micro-organisms in soil following the application of sewage sludge, or any other type of faecal manure including livestock wastes, provides a final environmental barrier to the potential transmission of infectious disease. Understanding the survival characteristics of pathogenic micro-organisms in soil is therefore important for managing the potential microbiological risk to human and animal health associated with the use of biosolids as soil amendments in agriculture.In general, enteric organisms are poorly adapted to survival in the environment, and pathogens which are introduced to soil (in sewage sludge) are influenced by climatic and agronomic variables. Soil and environmental factors (including moisture, temperature, sunlight, competitive organisms, nutrients and type of soil) and the method and timing of sludge application, influence the decay of faecal micro-organisms in biosolids treated soil. Crops which are ready to eat from the field are not produced in the UK on recently amended soil, and specified minimum harvesting periods apply to these and other types of crop to allow the natural decay of enteric organisms to control the potential risk of infection".2'.The harvesting restrictions for agricultural land receiving biosolids are matched to the degree of pathogen removal which is achieved by different sludge-treatment processes. Conventionally treated sludge is regarded as having undergone stabilisation by a range of defined treatment methods (e.g. mesophilic anaerobic digestion), to ensure at least a 2 login removal of E. coli, and should contain less than lo5 E. coli per g of dry solids (DS) l3) . (Note: l ogm is used throughout the paperJ The absence of epidemiological evidence linking disease outbreaks in the human populationI4l, or in farm live~tock'~' from the agricultural use of sewage sludge, strongly supports the role and effectiveness of these dual barriers in preventing the potential spread of infectious diseases from re-use on farmland.Enhanced treatment is regarded as virtually eliminating the pathogenic content of sludge, and less-stringent management restrictions are applied when this category of biosolids is spread on farmland, compared with conventionally treated material. However, it could be argued that cropping, planting or harvesting restrictions are unnecessary for this type of biosolids product, because the sludge-treatment process provides a critical control point for managing the microbiological risk from land application. Nevertheless, a minimum 10-month harvesting restriction is a precautionary requirement of the 'safe sludge matrix' for enhanced treated biosolids which are used in fruit, salad and vegetable cultivation and other horticultural applications, consistent with the waiting period which is stipulated in the DirectiveI6'. The time intervals which are required before certain crops can be grown after sludge application have been established on a precautionary basis. However, there are relatively few published data describing ...

Materials such as soils, waters, sewage sludges and foods can contain low numbers of salmonellas. A most‐probable‐number (MPN) method that utilized a bioluminescent‐bacteriophage is described that allowed the specific determination of as few as one Salmonella typhimurium cell/100 ml of material within 24 h. The method was developed with soil, lake water and sewage sludge inoculated with Salm. typhimurium and had an efficiency of 100% when tested against a traditional MPN method. The protocol is rapid, sensitive, inexpensive, has a low operator time compared to the traditional MPN method, allows for the repair of injured cells and is amenable to automation.

Research in the UK on the beneficial aspects of biosolids additions to land has primarily concentrated on nitrogen and phosphorus supply. Biosolids have other beneficial effects on soil through the addition of organic matter and other plant nutrients such as sulphur, magnesium and sodium. This study evaluates the effects of biosolids additions on soil quality and fertility at seven established field experimental sites where biosolids have been applied for at least four years. These additions influenced several physical properties of the soil, increasing topsoil water‐infiltration rates, plant‐available water supply on a light sandy soil, soil porosity and bearing strength. There were also increases in the level of plant‐available sulphur, magnesium, copper and boron. Liquid digested biosolids applications also increased the concentrations of major nutrients in grass.