The Food, Math, and Science Teaching Enhancement Resource (FoodMASTER) Initiative is a compilation of programs aimed at using food as a tool to teach mathematics and science. In 2007-2008, a foods curriculum developed by professionals in nutrition and education was implemented in 10 3 rd -grade classrooms in Appalachian Ohio; teachers in these classrooms implemented 45 hands-on foods activities that covered 10 food topics. Subjects included measurement; food safety; vegetables; fruits; milk and cheese; meat, poultry, and fish; eggs; fats; grains; and meal management. Students in four other classrooms served as the control group. Mainstream 3 rd -grade students were targeted because of their receptiveness to the subject matter, science standards for upper elementary grades, and testing that the students would undergo in 4 th grade. Teachers and students alike reported that the hands-on FoodMASTER curriculum experience was worthwhile and enjoyable. Our initial classroom observation indicated that the majority of students, girls and boys included, were very excited about the activities, became increasingly interested in the subject matter of food, and were able to conduct scientific observations.

Background and Objectives: Schools of medicine in the United States may overstate the placement of their graduates in primary care. The purpose of this project was to determine the magnitude by which primary care output is overestimated by commonly used metrics and identify a more accurate method for predicting actual primary care output. Methods: We used a retrospective cohort study with a convenience sample of graduates from US medical schools granting the MD degree. We determined the actual practicing specialty of those graduates considered primary care based on the Residency Match Method by using a variety of online sources. Analyses compared the percentage of graduates actually practicing primary care between the Residency Match Method and the Intent to Practice Primary Care Method. Results: The final study population included 17,509 graduates from 20 campuses across 14 university systems widely distributed across the United States and widely varying in published ranking for producing primary care graduates. The commonly used Residency Match Method predicted a 41.2% primary care output rate. The actual primary care output rate was 22.3%. The proposed new method, the Intent to Practice Primary Care Method, predicted a 17.1% primary care output rate, which was closer to the actual primary care rate. Conclusions: A valid, reliable method of predicting primary care output is essential for workforce training and planning. Medical schools, administrators, policy makers, and popular press should adopt this new, more reliable primary care reporting method.

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Fellowship training exhibited a positive psychological effect on the graduate respondents versus the general physician population. Scores on various well-being scales were higher than the general Family Medicine physician population as a whole, although stress levels were also higher. Female physicians seem to garner a much larger gain in satisfaction than male fellowship graduates, who score slightly worse than the general family medicine population on the satisfaction with life and Perceived Stress Scales.

The morbidity and mortality rates of African American men consistently rank among the lowest across all groups in the United States. African American men have one of the highest mortality rates for heart disease, cancer, stroke unintentional injuries and homicide (Gilbert et al., 2016). The leading cause of death in African American men age 24-34 years old is homicide (CDC, 2011). A majority of the health disparities experienced by African American men are the result of socioeconomic disadvantage, racism and residing in resource-poor communities (Bharmal et al., 2011). With disproportionate access to care and community stressors, there is a critical need to explore the health of African American men in high violent neighbourhoods. Many African American men live in disadvantaged communities marked by strenuous poverty, residential instability, joblessness, violent crime and educational shortages (Simning, Wijngaarden, & Conwell, 2012). African American men are also more likely not to have regular care, live in food deserts, work in unsafe environments and engage in unhealthy behaviours like tobacco use and alcohol consumption (Metzl, 2013). Dwelling in these communities, leave African American men at risk for adverse experiences that impact their health behaviours and outcomes. Community violence is an important consideration of the physical environment. Community violence is characterised by physical assault, sexual assault, homicide, mugging, gang violence, unnecessary force by authorities, theft and family violence (Walling, Eriksson, Putman, & Foy, 2011). Additionally, community violence exposure has been linked to higher rates of weapon involvement especially in African Americans, potentially due to self-defence, fear of violence or association with delinquency and aggression (Shetgiri, Boots, Lin, & Cheng, 2016). In particular, gun violence disproportionately impacts communities with social and economic inequities (Santilli et al., 2017). Inequities in communities of colour are due to structural racism such as segregation. Communities plagued with