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Our digital age is characterized by both a generalized access to data and an increased call for participation of the public and other stakeholders and communities in policy design and decision-making. This context raises new challenges for political decision-makers and analysts in providing these actors with new means and moral duties for decision support, including in the area of environmental policy. The concept of "policy analytics" was introduced in 2013 as an attempt to develop a framework, tools, and methods to address these challenges. This conceptual initiative prompted numerous research teams to develop empirical applications of this framework and to reflect on their own decision-support practice at the science-policy interface in various environmental domains around the world. During a workshop in Paris in 2018, participants shared and discussed their experiences of these applications and practices. In this paper, we present and analyze a set of applications to identify a series of key properties that underpin a policy analytics approach, in order to provide the conceptual foundation for policy analytics to address current policy design and decision-making challenges. The induced properties are demandorientedness, performativity, normative transparency, and data meaningfulness. We show how these properties materialized through these six case studies, and we explain why we consider them key to effective policy analytics applications, particularly in environmental policy design and decision-making on environmental issues. This clarification of the policy analytics concept eventually enables us to highlight research frontiers to further improve the concept.

7th International Workshop, AE-CAI 2012, Held in Conjunction with MICCAI 2012, Nice, France, October 5, 2013, Revised Selected PapersMinimally invasive surgery became popular as it benefits the patient, reducing pain and allowing better recovery. However, during endoscopy, surgeons face significant technical challenges such as indirect 2-D visualization, restricted field-of-view, lack of brightness, insufficient depth-of-field, distortions, etc. In this paper, we propose a new vision system for laparoscopy. This system consists of two pairs of cameras in stereoscopic conditions directly inserted into the patient through a single standard 10 millimeters diameter trocar and be deployed and fixed into the patient's abdominal cavity. It answers several problems raised by standard endoscopic systems as well as a 3-D virtual environment

a b s t r a c tInstitutional obstacles to integrated water management at the river basin scale have been discussed in detail in the water governance literature, but there has been less attention to the development of analytical framework for understanding local government cooperation. In this study, a median voter model was developed to describe the political processes by which municipalities lend their support to land-use control in river basin management planning. Relative income, population growth, and land cover data -as measured at municipality level -are advanced to be the main determinants of municipalities' positioning on additional environmental zoning. The consultation process for the SAGE (planning and water management scheme) for the Gironde estuary and associated areas was used as a case study. Spatial logit estimation of the determinants of the results of voting in this consultation process suggests that municipalities' decisions are strongly influenced by the landscape preferences of the median voter. Acceptance of the SAGE project is an increasing function of relative income and population growth, as measured at municipality level. Furthermore, the municipalities that reject it are mainly those with the largest agricultural areas. The results confirm the existence of a very strong political component in the process by which a municipality decides whether or not to support a river basin plan. This decision can be linked to the preservation of natural landscape amenities in peripheral areas, while elsewhere it is connected to the protection of farming. Theoretical and empirical (R. Tina). 1 Tel.: þ33 5 57 89 08 37.Water Resources and Economics 9 (2015) 45-59 developments of political economy analysis provide an alternative framework by which to understand institutional fits and interplay in water resource management.

Cet article propose un cadre d’analyse microéconomique de la dynamique territoriale à travers la compréhension des processus de coordination des acteurs locaux. Autant l’approche néo-institutionnaliste que la sociologie économique ont rétabli la place des structures sociales comme ressource et contrainte pour l’action individuelle. Mais, c’est l’entrée par la formation stratégique des liens proposée par l’économie des réseaux qui permet d’appréhender simultanément les dilemmes sociaux de l’action collective, l’évolution des structures globales des relations et le choix décentralisé des actions. Les exigences de la mise en œuvre empirique d’un tel cadre constituent sa principale limite. Son application au contexte spécifique de l’action publique territoriale dans les espaces ruraux, telle qu’elle est présentée dans cet article, permet de renouveler les questions de recherche, quant à la relation entre dispositifs formels - type Parc naturel régional- et réseaux d’acteurs locaux.

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The aim of this study is to achieve an understanding of the collective management of wetlands by landowner associations, in order to reflect on their role and position within the new wetland resource governance system, initiated by the recent institutional reform in France. Proposals from self-governance institutions for natural resource management and social capital studies inform the analytical framework. Two survey phases among the chairs and members of associations that currently manage the riparian marshes of the Gironde estuary are the basis for an empirical study. The results reveal that half of the landowners sampled will default. However, neighbourhood and community-based social capital as well as the close involvement of the chairs of the associations are the key elements of the collective management of water-level and wetland resources. We then argue that informal and flexible collaboration between small associations should be the governance mode for the collaborative management of wetlands.

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