The paper analyzes the relationship between off-farm labor allocation and on-farm enterprise diversification as farm household income stabilization strategies with census data from the federal state of Upper Austria, Austria. The results suggest that both on-farm diversification and off-farm labor allocation are related to farm and household characteristics. Larger farms tend to be more diversified. Younger farmers are more likely to work off-farm. Larger farm households tend to allocate more labor to off-farm income activities.

intergenerational succession, survey data, econometric analysis,

No abstract

Purpose This study evaluated the extent to which migrant women participate in the mandatory oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) screening in Austria. Methods A retrospective data analysis was carried out of births at an obstetrics unit in a university hospital between January 2013 and December 2015. The inclusion criteria were singleton pregnancies, live births, birth weight ≥ 3500, and no preexisting diabetes mellitus. The patient’s extramurally obtained OGTT values and history of GDM were checked. If the mother’s country of birth was not Austria, the woman was classified as a migrant. Three groups were defined: group 1—women with normal OGTT; group 2—women with pathological OGTT; and group 3—women without OGTT or with an incomplete OGTT. Main outcome measures: Numbers of complete and incomplete OGTTs and rate of women with pathological OGTTs not treated in accordance with the guidelines among mothers born in Austria or migrants. The groups were compared using the t -test, chi-squared test, or Fisher’s exact test. Results A total of 3293 births met the inclusion criteria, and 43.52% of all mothers were migrants; 16.8% of all women had pathological OGTT findings. Only 60.1% of the latter received treatment in accordance with the guidelines. The proportion of mothers born in Austria who did not have OGTTs, or only incomplete ones, was 5.4%. In the group of migrant women, the corresponding figure was 10.5% ( P < 0.01). Conclusions Migrant women have significantly lower rates of participation in GDM screening.

The role of three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography of the endometrium in assisted reproduction is still far from clear. In this retrospective cohort study, transvaginal three-dimensional power Doppler examinations were performed 30 min before frozen–thawed embryo transfer. After pregnancy tests, two cohorts were established: P (pregnant, n = 31) and NP (nonpregnant, n = 31). The study only included nullipara with no uterine abnormalities who were undergoing infertility treatment at the Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Endocrinology, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria. The main outcome measures were the vascularization flow index (VFI), flow index (FI), and vascularization index (VI) in the endometrium/subendometrium, assessed using Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis (VOCAL™), and the endometrial volume. A total of 62 patients were enrolled in the study, forming two cohorts (pregnant, P; nonpregnant, NP). There were no significant differences between the two cohorts with regard to demographic data, numbers of embryos transferred, or embryo grading, but there was a significant difference in endometrial volume (cohort P, 3.17 ± 0.84 mL; cohort NP, 2.36 ± 0.9 mL; P = 0.001) and the pregnancy rate rises with larger volume. No differences were observed in the vascularization parameters FI, VFI, and VI in the endometrium and subendometrium. In the cohort of pregnant patients, there were 26 (41.9%) live births, with 21 term deliveries (80.8%). The endometrial volume was larger in the cohort of pregnant patients. Measurements were performed 30 min before embryo transfer, and no differences were observed in vascularization parameters in the subendometrium and endometrium.

No abstract

PurposeSonographic fetal weight (FW) estimation to detect macrosomic fetuses is an essential part of everyday routine work in obstetrics departments. Most of the commonly used weight estimation formulas underestimate FW when the actual birth weight (BW) exceeds 4000 g. One of the best-established weight estimation formulas is the Hadlock formula. In an effort to improve the detection rates of macrosomic infants, Hart et al. published a specially designed formula including maternal weight at booking. The usefulness of the Hart formula was tested.MethodsRetrospective study of 3304 singleton pregnancies, birth weight ≥ 3500 g. The accuracy of the Hadlock and Hart formula were tested. A subgroup analysis examined the influence of the maternal weight. The Chi-squared test and one-way analysis of variation were carried out. For all analyses, p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThe overall percentages of births falling within ± 5% and ± 10% of the BW using the Hadlock formula were 27% and 53%, respectively. Using the Hart formula, 24% and 54% were identified within these levels. With the Hart formula, 94% of all weight estimations fall within 4200 g ± 5% and nearly 100% fall within 4200 g ± 10%.ConclusionsApplying the Hart formula results in an overestimation of fetal weight in neonates with a birth weight < 4000 g and fails to identify high-risk fetuses. We, therefore, do not consider Hart’s formula to be of clinical relevance.

Comprendre la transmission des exploitations agricoles est essentiel pour analyser les changements structurels du secteur agricole. Grâce à des données de recensements apariées de 1980, 1985 et 1990, les décisions de succession des ménages ruraux de Haute-Autriche sont examinées empiriquement en utilisant un logit multinomial. Contrairement aux enquêtes auprès des exploitations qui examinent les projets de succession, le recensement des exploitations permet d'identifier des successions ayant réellement eu lieu. Deux types de successions sont distingués sur la base de la comparaison de l'âge de l'exploitant et de celui des autres membres du ménages de chaque exploitation dans deux recensements consécutifs : les « successions familiales », définies par la transmission de l'exploitation à un enfant de l'exploitant et les « successions non familiales » (dans lesquelles l'exploitation est vendue hors de la famille). Les fermetures d'exploitation sont considérées comme une catégorie supplémentaire dans le modèle. Un impact significativement négatif (positif) de la taille de la ferme et de la diversification des activités agricoles sur la probabilité de fermeture d'exploitation (de transmission) est mis en évidence. La probabilité d'une succession familiale commence par augmenter puis diminue avec l'âge de l'exploitant alors que les probabilités d'une transmission hors de la famille et d'une fermeture d'exploitation augmentent de façon monotone avec l'âge, indiquant que les exploitants qui ne prennent pas leur retraite à temps courent le risque de ne pas trouver de successeur au sein de la famille. La taille de la ferme ainsi que l'éducation et le sexe de l'exploitant semblent également avoir une influence sur les transmissions et les fermetures d'exploitations. Enfin, les exploitants pluriactifs ont une probabilité significativement plus faible de transmettre leur ferme au sein de la famille mais ont une probabilité significativement plus élevée de fermer leur exploitation. Cela suggère qu'un emploi non agricole peut être le premier pas d'une exploitation familiale vers la sortie du secteur agricole. Le choix du modèle, les questions de spécifications et les directions de recherches futures sont également discutés. from 1980, 1985, and 1990 actual succession decisions of Upper-Austrian farm households are examined empirically. Two types of succession are distinguished by inspecting the age of the farm operator and other household members in the consecutive census observations : "family succession" (succession by the farm operator's child) and "non-family succession" (the farm is sold outside the family). Farm exits are considered as an additional category in the model. Several characteristics of the farm and of the farm operator's household are found to influence the succession decision significantly. Model choice and specification issues are discussed. Summary -Using linked census data