Agradeço ao Prof. Dr. Dante Pinheiro Martinelli pelas inúmeras oportunidades de aprendizado oferecidas ao longo da trajetória que objetivou essa dissertação.
Practical clinical expertise is a crucial part of medical professionalism. Several studies have shown that medical students are poorly trained in practical skills during their undergraduate training. Even the students rated their own expertise in practical skills as poor. The amendments to the German Regulating Licenses in Practical Medicine are intended to strengthen practical clinical training. The aim of the present study is to use focus groups to analyse practical clinical training with respect to organisation, difficulties and problems from the learners' perspective. The present qualitative study uses the focus group approach. Each focus group was composed of a maximum of 6 students per group with the same level of training. Using a standardised interview manual, a total of 31 students and four first-year residents participated in the study. Data interpretation was performed using structured qualitative content analysis. The present work demonstrates that students of all levels of training greatly value their training in practical clinical expertise, especially in clinical skills. Due to the lack of defined learning objectives for practical skills, students training in clinical internships and medical registrar positions are highly dependent on the motivation and interest of the individual clinical teacher and the learner himself. Students struggle to estimate their actual level of expertise due to the lack of defined learning objectives. This is exacerbated by the fact that students rarely receive feedback about their expertise. Students complain that many teachers do not know the level of training required of their students. The definition of basic and specific learning objectives and the communication of this between learners and teachers is an essential part of practical clinical training.
Resumo: Há uma relação intrínseca de interdependência entre inovação, transferência de conhecimento e empreendedorismo no interior dos Sistemas Regionais de Inovação. Este artigo discute as conexões estabelecidas em prol da transferência de conhecimento tácito e expl ícito entre Sistemas Regionais de Inovação, utilizando como modelo de referência o caso do Vale do Silício. As conexões internas e externas dos Sistemas Regionais de Inovação são fundamentais para a manutenção da competitividade de um dado setor em uma região. Palavras-chave : Sistema Regional de Inovação. Transferência de conhecimento. Vale do Silício.
Seasonal patterns of biomass and standing stock (g m−2) of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium were documented in Schoenus ferrugineus L. from an annually mowed calcareous fen in southern Germany. The peak standing crop of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium occurred in mid‐July. Prior to the end of the growing season, 44% of total potassium, 34% of total phosphorus and 28% of total nitrogen were retranslocated out of the shoots, based on differential nutrient losses between covered and uncovered plots. There is no evidence that any calcium was retranslocated, but 24% of peak calcium and 13% of potassium was leached from standing dead shoots. More than half of the peak phosphorus was found in the overwintering green shootbases. In the light of the low availability of nutrients in the soil, retranslocation of phosphorus in particular is essential, if adequate internal nutrient levels are to be maintained, despite various proposed uptake mechanisms.
ResumoA administração como ciência ainda é relativamente nova e como tal, vivencia desordens internas, relativas ao seu objeto de pesquisa, sua relevância e sua própria forma de perceber o mundo. Entre Marx e Weber a ciência da administração se colocou frente a um dilema de ordem epistemológica, onde determinados paradigmas assumiram o papel de juízes da verdade. Este ensaio teórico sugere que, como uma ciência abrangente, a administração precisa reestabelecer o elo entre teoria e prática. Para tal, é preciso transcender as disputas epistemológicas e alargar a percepção da administração para abranger as características pertinentes a cada objeto de estudo.
Palavras-chave:Teoria; Prática; Administração.
AbstractManagement as a science is relatively new and still experiencing internal disorders relating to its research object, its relevance and its own way of perceiving the world. Between Marx and Weber, administration science has put forward an epistemological dilemma where certain paradigms assumed the role of judges of the truth. This theoretical paper suggests that, as a wide-ranging science, management needs reestablish the link between theory and practice. To do so, we must transcend the epistemological disputes and broaden the perception of management to cover every relevant object of study characteristics.
RESUMO No contexto contemporâneo, a economia global pode ser descrita como um sistema baseado em agentes que, quando associados, manifestam seus próprios meios e fins. A crise das hipotecas subprime nos Estados Unidos é um bom exemplo das implicações desse tipo de relacionamento. Ela está diretamente relacionada a poderosos laços de realimentação, compostos por uma série de variáveis que amplificaram o fato de as famílias americanas terem se endividado em ritmo maior do que a sua distribuição de riqueza, prejudicada pela externalização da produção. Há atualmente uma nova estrutura na economia internacional, em que as ex-nações subdesenvolvidas estão mais bem posicionadas no cenário macroeconômico e têm maior poder do que antes - uma consequência do necessário rearranjo sistêmico. Diante dessa complexa dinâmica, a função de inteligência que deveria controlar e garantir a estabilidade sistêmica falhou em perceber a dinâmica e os impactos da nova cultura atrelada ao comportamento do capital contemporâneo, para evitar a perda da hegemonia. Observando-se ex post facto, por meio de um enfoque sistêmico, a crise econômica americana pode ser definida como tendo suas raízes nas premissas de todo o arcabouço cultural da globalização que acabou por conduzir à externalização da produção. Assim, o contexto sistêmico desta análise aponta que a cultura, como importante gerador e amplificador, deve ser o principal foco dos intentos de análise do atual contexto socioeconômico global.
The main question, which leads this analysis, interrogates the existence of a causality relation between the human development index and Index of Patent Rights. It was decided to use a database whereas all units of the cross section have the same periods of time for human development index and Index of Patent Rights. This database covers 84 countries with the two indicators between 1975 and 2005. By the use of the Granger test, it was found that Index of Patent Rights does not temporally precede human development index, which indicates the veracity and, consequently, the corroboration of the idea of Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights should represent the interests of the richer countries' great corporations, and not the underdeveloped nations, as said in the statement of World Trade Organization.
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