Background The tobacco industry denies that their marketing is targeted at young nonsmokers, but it seems more probable that tobacco advertising and promotion influences the attitudes of nonsmoking adolescents, and makes them more likely to try smoking. Objectives To assess the e ects of tobacco advertising and promotion on nonsmoking adolescents' future smoking behaviour.

A new inventory designed to assess perceptions of prejudice and discrimination experiences on the job was developed. Three approaches to validating it were employed. First, factor analysis was done for responses from one set of workers then replicated with responses from a second sample. These analyses indicated that a single significant factor accounted for a large proportion of the variance in responses to 15 of the 16 items on the inventory. Second, to begin to develop its place in a nomological network, a study was done in which the prejudice/discrimination inventory scores were correlated with other theoretically relevant constructs. Finally, a known‐group comparison approach was taken in which scores on the inventory were contrasted from three groups of respondents known to differ in perceptions of workplace prejudice/discrimination levels. Both the correlational and the comparative data generally supported the validity of the instrument

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The purpose of this study was to comprehensively assess the impact of school tobacco policy intention, implementation and students' perceptions of policy enforcement on smoking rates and location of tobacco use during the school day. Data were obtained from all students in Grades 10-11 (n = 22,318) in 81 randomly selected schools from five Canadian provinces. Policy intention was assessed by coding written school tobacco policies. School administrators most familiar with the tobacco policy completed a survey to assess policy implementation. Results revealed policy intention and implementation subscales did not significantly predict school smoking prevalence but resulted in moderate prediction of tobacco use on school property (R(2) = 0.21-0.27). Students' perceptions of policy enforcement significantly predicted school smoking prevalence (R(2) = 0.36) and location of tobacco use (R(2) = 0.23-0.63). The research findings emphasize: (i) the need to consider both written policy intention and actual policy implementation and (ii) the existence of a policy is not effective in controlling tobacco use unless the policy is implemented and is perceived to be strongly enforced.

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