Activation domains in the 114 kDa androgen receptor (AR) NH 2 -and carboxyl-terminal regions are thought to contribute to different extents to AR-mediated transactivation. We investigated using anti-peptide antibodies whether smaller AR forms that migrate like the previously described 87 kDa AR-A occur in vivo resulting in constitutive or increased gene activation. Immunoblots of prostate cancer and fibroblast cell culture extracts revealed 114 and 84 kDa AR forms. Antibody mapping indicated the 84 kDa AR lacked the ligand-binding domain and comigrated with the constitutively active AR fragment AR1-660. AR expressed in COS cells was 114 and 92 kDa. Migration of the 92 kDa AR was slightly slower than that of a 90 kDa expressed fragment that was designed to initiate at the second methionine (residue 189) and lacked the NH 2 -terminal FxxLF interaction sequence. The 92 kDa AR did not result from alternative initiation since it was observed when the second methionine was changed to alanine. Optimization of extraction conditions indicated that both 84 and 92 kDa forms resulted from in vitro proteolytic cleavage and that cleavage by caspase-3 could account for the 92 kDa form. The results suggest that AR forms with gel mobility similar to that of the previously described 87 kDa AR-A result from in vitro proteolytic cleavage of NH 2 -or carboxyl-terminal regions during cell extraction and storage and that smaller forms with increased transcriptional activity do not occur in vivo.
RTI has developed a photodiode technology based on solution-processed PbS colloidal quantum dots (CQD). These devices are capable of providing low-cost, high performance detection across the Vis-SWIR spectral range. At the core of this technology is a heterojunction diode structure fabricated using techniques well suited to wafer-scale fabrication, such as spin coating and thermal evaporation. This enables RTI's CQD diodes to be processed at room temperature directly on top of read-out integrated circuits (ROIC), without the need for the hybridization step required by traditional SWIR detectors. Additionally, the CQD diodes can be fabricated on ROICs designed for other detector material systems, effectively allowing rapid prototype demonstrations of CQD focal plane arrays at low cost and on a wide range of pixel pitches and array sizes. BACKGROUNDSemiconductor particles with radii less than 10 nm -often referred to as colloidal quantum dots (CQD) or semiconductor nanocrystals-have been the focus of considerable research in the past fifteen years. Owing to the effects of quantum confinement CQDs have optical and electronic properties that are size dependent and can be tuned during synthesis to span a broad range of energies.[1] The lowest energy transition for a quantum dot defines the effective bandgap and is referred to as the first excitonic transition. An illustration contrasting the bandgap of bulk PbS with the first and second excitonic transition of quantum confined PbS can be seen in Figure 1.Because the bandgap of a nanocrystal begins with that of the bulk material and subsequently shifts up in energy, certain semiconductors are more suitable to specific applications than others. PbS, for example, has a bulk bandgap of 0.41 eV (3100 nm) and PbS CQDs can be tuned to have bandgaps across the spectral region of 700-2400 nm. This makes them suitable for Vis-SWIR emitters, detectors, modulators, and photovoltaics [2][3][4][5][6]. Moreover, these materials continue to absorb through UV and even x-ray energies.CQDs are synthesized in solution through straightforward chemical techniques and are then subsequently processed from solution to form thin films for use in electronic devices. Figure 1 shows a vial of PbS CQDs in solution and an image of CQDs being spray coated onto a substrate. The simplicity of device fabrication, which requires only processes such as spin coating and thermal evaporation and the low cost of device materials means that components fabricated using CQDs are expected to be extremely low cost and scalable to high volume manufacturing.
Of interest for both photovoltaic and photodetector applications is the ability of colloidal quantum dot (CQD) devices to provide response further into the infrared than is typical for other solution-processable materials. Here, we present a simple heterojunction diode structure that utilizes the extended infrared absorption of PbS CQDs. We show that device performance benefits from a discontinuous exciton blocking layer which improves charge separation without limiting charge extraction. By enhancing charge carrier mobility in the CQD layer, we demonstrate a planar heterostructure device with a power conversion efficiency of 5.2% under 1 sun illumination.
These data suggest that FTS might be a useful agent against PCa that has relapsed after ADT.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.