With the rapidly growing interest in bifacial photovoltaics (PV), a worldwide map of their potential performance can help assess and accelerate the global deployment of this emerging technology. However, the existing literature only highlights optimized bifacial PV for a few geographic locations or develops worldwide performance maps for very specific configurations, such as the vertical installation. It is still difficult to translate these location-and configurationspecific conclusions to a general optimized performance of this technology. In this paper, we present a global study and optimization of bifacial solar modules using a rigorous and comprehensive modeling framework. Our results demonstrate that with a low albedo of 0.25, the bifacial gain of groundmounted bifacial modules is less than 10% worldwide. However, increasing the albedo to 0.5 and elevating modules 1 m above the ground can boost the bifacial gain to 30%. Moreover, we derive a set of empirical design rules, which optimize bifacial solar modules across the world, and provide the groundwork for rapid assessment of the location-specific performance. We find that ground-mounted, vertical, east-west-facing bifacial modules will outperform their south-north-facing, optimally tilted counterparts by up to 15% below the latitude of 30 o , for an albedo of 0.5. The relative energy output is reversed of this in latitudes above 30 o . A detailed and systematic comparison with data from Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America validates the model presented in this paper. An online simulation tool (https://nanohub.org/tools/pub) based on the model developed in this paper is also available for a user to predict and optimize bifacial modules in any arbitrary location across the globe.Here we will present four tables of global maps summarizing the optimization and performance (i.e., tilt angle, azimuth angle, annual energy yield, and bifacial gain) for a bifacial solar module with different deployment scenarios (i.e., elevation and albedo).

This paper presents a review on crystalline silicon bifacial PV performance characterisation and simulation to facilitate new research developments for bifacial PV technology and implementation in the global market.

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High-powered electric propulsion thrusters utilizing a magnetized plasma require that plasma exhaust detach from the applied magnetic field in order to produce thrust. This paper presents experimental results demonstrating that a sufficiently energetic and flowing plasma can indeed detach from a magnetic nozzle. Microwave interferometer and probe measurements provide plume density, electron temperature, and ion flux measurements in the nozzle region. Measurements of ion flux show a low-beta plasma plume which follows applied magnetic field lines until the plasma kinetic pressure reaches the magnetic pressure and a high-beta plume expanding ballistically afterward. Several magnetic configurations were tested including a reversed field nozzle configuration. Despite the dramatic change in magnetic field profile, the reversed field configuration yielded little measurable change in plume trajectory, demonstrating the plume is detached. Numerical simulations yield density profiles in agreement with the experimental results.

Partial shading of a PV installation has a disproportionate impact on its power production. This paper presents background and experimental results from a single string grid-tied PV system, operated under a variety of shading conditions. In this configuration a shadow can represent a reduction in power over 30 times its physical size. Results are presented relating size and positions of shading to power reduction of the PV system. A simulation method is also described that provides an accurate description of shade based on a single site survey. This process can provide the basis for an accurate simulation of power reduction in a partially shaded PV system.

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