We have examined the potential of 10 MW superconducting direct drive generators to enter the European offshore wind power market and estimated that the production of about 1200 superconducting turbines until 2030 would correspond to 10% of the EU offshore market. The expected properties of future offshore turbines of 8 and 10 MW have been determined from an up-scaling of an existing 5 MW turbine and the necessary properties of the superconducting drive train are discussed. We have found that the absence of the gear box is the main benefit and the reduced weight and size is secondary. However, the main challenge of the superconducting direct drive technology is to prove that the reliability is superior to the alternative drive trains based on gearboxes or permanent magnets. A strategy of successive testing of superconducting direct drive trains in real wind turbines of 10 kW, 100 kW, 1 MW and 10 MW is suggested to secure the accumulation of reliability experience. Finally, the quantities of high temperature superconducting tape needed for a 10 kW and an extreme high field 10 MW generator are found to be 7.5 km and 1500 km, respectively. A more realistic estimate is 200–300 km of tape per 10 MW generator and it is concluded that the present production capacity of coated conductors must be increased by a factor of 36 by 2020, resulting in a ten times lower price of the tape in order to reach a realistic price level for the superconducting drive train.

In order to facilitate the integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into the Danish power system, the driving data in Denmark were analyzed to extract the information of driving distances and driving time periods which were used to represent the driving requirements and the EV unavailability. The Danish National Transport Survey data (TU data) were used to implement the driving data analysis. The average, minimum and maximum driving distances were obtained for weekdays, weekends and holidays to illustrate the EV users' driving requirements in different days. The EV availability data were obtained from the driving time periods to show how many cars are available for charging and discharging in each time period. The obtained EV availability data are in one hour time periods and one quarter time periods for different study purposes. The EV availability data of one hour time period are to be used for optimal EV charging study in energy power market. The EV availability data of quarter time periods are to be used to investigate the possibility of utilizing EVs for providing regulation power. The statistical analysis software, SAS, was used to carry out the driving data analysis.

Abbreviations MG microgrid CHP combined heat and power BCHP biomass-based CHP GS biomass gasifier ICE internal combustion engine WT wind turbine PV photovoltaic ES energy storage BT battery PGS producer gas storage TES thermal energy storage HOB heat-only boiler MCS Monte Carlo simulation COE cost of energy PDF probability density function Symbols E electricity demand (kWh) o reference facility i index of installed units that contribute to capital cost j index of installed units that contribute to O&M and fuel cost chr charging dis discharging min minimum charging and discharging rate (kWh/h) max maximum charging and discharging rate (kWh/h)

The current status of wind power and the energy infrastructure in Denmark is reviewed in this paper. The reasons for why Denmark is a world leader in wind power are outlined. The Danish government is aiming to achieve 100% renewable energy generation by 2050. A major challenge is balancing load and generation. In addition, the current and future solutions of enhancing wind power penetration through optimal use of cross-energy sector flexibility, so-called indirect electric energy storage options, are investigated. A conclusion is drawn with a summary of experiences and lessons learned in Denmark related to wind power development.Key words: energy system flexibility; high wind power penetration; integrated multi-energy system; Danish wind energy 1 Current status of Danish wind power and energy system Denmark is an international leader in the implementation of a renewable, secure and cost-efficient energy system using a high share of wind power. In 2016, Denmark achieved a wind power penetration of 38%; while supplying 99.996% of domestic electrical power throughout the year, resulting in one of the highest energy security levels in Europe [1]. The Danish economy since the 1980s has grown by around 80% while maintaining constant energy consumption and, at the same time, decreasing CO 2 emission by 34% [2]. Danish knowledge and development of green energy has also attracted foreign economic investment in renewable energy. In 2017, Apple announced the establishment of one of the largest international data centers in Western Denmark. The Apple data center will be powered by renewable energy and its surplus heating will be injected into the local district heating system [3].

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