Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) exhibit promising catalytic properties for hydrogen generation, and several approaches including defect engineering have been shown to increase the active catalytic sites. Despite preliminary understandings in defect engineering, insights on the role of various types of defects in TMDs for hydrogen evolution catalysis are limited. Screw dislocation-driven (SDD) growth is a line defect and yields fascinating spiral and pyramidal morphologies for TMDs with a large number of edge sites, resulting in very interesting electronic and catalytic properties. The role of dislocation lines and edge sites of these spiral structures on their hydrogen evolution catalytic properties is unexplored. Here we show that the large number of active edge sites connected together by dislocation lines in the vertical direction for a spiral WS 2 domain results in exceptional catalytic properties toward hydrogen evolution reaction. A micro-electrochemical cell fabricated by photo-and electron beam-lithography processes is used to study the electrocatalytic activity of a single spiral WS 2 domain, controllably grown by chemical vapor deposition. Conductive atomic force microscopy studies show improved vertical conduction for the spiral domain, which is compared with monolayer and mechanically exfoliated thick WS 2 flakes. The obtained results are interesting and shed light on the role of SDD line defects, which contribute to large number of edge sites without compromising the vertical electrical conduction, on the electrocatalytic properties of TMDs for hydrogen evolution.

Monolithic realization of metallic 1T and semiconducting 2H phases makes MoS2 a potential candidate for future microelectronic circuits. A method for engineering a stable 1T phase from the 2H phase in a scalable manner and an in-depth electrical characterization of the 1T phase is wanting at large. Here we demonstrate a controllable and scalable 2H to 1T phase engineering technique for MoS2 using microwave plasma. Our method allows lithographically defining 1T regions on a 2H sample. The 1T samples show excellent temporal and thermal stability making it suitable for standard device fabrication techniques. We conduct both two-probe and four-probe electrical transport measurements on devices with back-gated field effect transistor geometry in a temperature range of 4 K to 300 K. The 1T samples exhibit Ohmic current-voltage characteristics in all temperature ranges without any dependence to the gate voltage, a signature of a metallic state. The sheet resistance of our 1T MoS2 sample is considerably lower and the carrier concentration is a few orders of magnitude higher than that of the 2H samples. In addition, our samples show negligible temperature dependence of resistance from 4 K to 300 K ruling out any hoping mediated or activated electrical transport.

Two-dimensional (2D) superconductivity is a fascinating phenomenon packed with rich physics and wide technological application. The vortices and their dynamics arising from classical and quantum fluctuations give rise to Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) transition and 2D Bose metallic phase both of which are of fundamental interest. In 2D, observation of superconductivity and the associated phenomena are sensitive to material disorders. Highly crystalline and inherently 2D van der Waals (vW) systems with carrier concentration and conductivity approaching metallic regime have been a potential platform. The metallic 1T phase of MoS2, a widely explored vW material system controllably, engineered from the semiconducting 2H phase, is a tangible choice. Here, we report the observation of 2D superconductivity accompanied by BKT transition and Bose metallic state in a few-layer 1T-MoS2. Structural characterization shows excellent crystallinity over extended lateral dimension. The electrical characterization confirms the metallic nature down to 4 K and a transition to a superconducting state below 1.2 K with a Tc ~ 920 mK. The 2D nature of the superconducting state is confirmed from the magneto-transport anisotropy against field orientations and the presence of BKT transition. In addition, our sample showcases a manifold increase in the parallel upper-critical-field above the Pauli limit. The inherent twodimensionality and possibility of scalably engineering semiconducting, metallic and superconducting phases makes MoS2 a potential candidate for hosting monolithic all-twodimensional hybrid quantum devices.

Development of electrode materials for energy storage, with high energy and power densities along with good cyclic stability, still remains a big challenge. Here we report synthesis of Nb2O5/graphene nanocomposites through simple hydrothermal method, with Nb2O5 nanoparticles anchored on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets. The fabricated Nb2O5/graphene electrodes exhibited excellent electrochemical performance when studied as anodes for Lithium-ion battery, with superior reversible capacity and high power capability (192 mAhg -1 under 0.1C rate over 50 cycles). Signature curve' studies showed high power capability of Nb2O5/graphene electrode with ~80% of the total capacity retained at 16C rate compared to ~30% retention for pristine Nb2O5 nanoparticles. To achieve further improvement in energy density and power capability, Li-ion hybrid electrochemical capacitors (Li-HEC) are fabricated with Nb2O5/graphene nanocomposite as anode and rice husk-derived activated porous carbon as cathode, in non-aqueous electrolyte. The Li-HEC showed enhanced electrochemical performances with high energy density of 30 WhKg -1 , at specific power density of 500 WKg -1 . The Nb2O5/graphene nanocomposites show promising results and hence have great potential for application in efficient electrochemical energy storage devices.

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A generic and universal layer engineering strategy for van der Waals (vW) materials, scalable and compatible with the current semiconductor technology is of paramout importance in realizing all-two-dimensional logic circuits and move beyond the silicon scaling limit. In this letter, we demonstrate a scalable and highly controllable microwave plasma based layer engineering strategy for MoS 2 and other vW materials. Using this technique we etch MoS 2 flakes layer-by-layer starting from arbitrary thickness and area down to the mono-or the few-layer limit. From Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, we confirm that the structural and morphological properties of the material have not been compromised. The process preserves the pre-etch layer topography and yields a smooth and pristine-like surface. We explore the electrical properties utilising a field effect transistor geometry and find that the mobility values of our samples are comparable to those of the pristine ones. The layer removal does not involve any reactive gasses or chemical reactions and relies on breaking the weak inter-layer vW interaction making it a generic technique for a wide spectrum of layered materials and heterostructures. We demonstrate the wide applicability of the technique by extending it to other systems such as Graphene, h-BN and WSe 2 . In addition, using the microwave plasma in combination with standard lithography, we illustrate a lateral patterning scheme for device fabrication.All-two-dimensional devices consisting of semiconducting, metallic and insulating van der Waals (vW) materials offer a comprehensive-solution to overcome the current scaling limit of the micro-electronic industry. Successful demonstrations of heterostructures by stalking various two-dimensional (2D) systems

Electrostatically defined nanoscale devices on two-dimensional semiconductor heterostructures are the building blocks of various quantum electrical circuits. Owing to its atomically flat interfaces and the inherent two-dimensional nature, van der Waals heterostructures hold the advantage of large-scale uniformity, flexibility and portability over the conventional bulk semiconductor heterostructures. In this letter we show the operation of a split-gate defined point contact device on a MoS2/h-BN heterostructure, the first step towards realizing electrostatically gated quantum circuits on van der Waals semiconductors. By controlling the voltage on the split-gate we are able to control and confine the electron flow in the device leading to the formation of the point contact. The formation of the point contact in our device is elucidated by the three characteristic regimes observed in the pinch-off curve; transport similar to the conventional FET, electrostatically confined transport and the tunneling dominated transport. We explore the role of the carrier concentration and the drain-source voltages on the pinch-off characteristics. We are able to tune the pinch-off characteristics by varying the back-gate voltage at temperatures ranging from 4 K to 300 K.

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