DKI may contribute to the imaging diagnosis of prostate cancer, especially in the differential diagnosis of prostate cancer and BPH.

IVIM DWI parameters are significantly different between prostate cancer and PZ. IVIM DWI may offer additional information for tissue characterization in the prostate gland.

MREC findings may be useful not only for evaluation of ulcers, but also for detection of endoscopically identified milder lesions in CD, suggesting a clinical usefulness of MREC for disease detection and monitoring.

A statistical model based on the gamma distribution proved suitable for describing diffusion signal decay curves of PCa. This approach may provide better correlation between diffusion signal decay and histological information in the prostate gland.

Bucket handle meniscal tears (BHMT) of the knee occur infrequently (approximately 10% of meniscal injuries). Simultaneous, bicompartmental BHMT are extremely rare. Previously, these have only been reported in association with a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The pathomechanism of this injury was thought to be due to the lack of knee stability following the ACL injury. We present a case of a 38 year old male patient with bicompartmental BHMT with a clinically competent ACL. This highlights the need for clinical and radiological suspicion of simultaneous BHMTs even in the presence of an intact ACL.

Dear Sir, Non-bifurcating cervical carotid artery is a rare anatomical variation of the carotid artery in which the branches of the external carotid artery (ECA) directly arise from the common carotid artery without forming a bifurcation [1,2]. In addition, cases of congenital EC-internal carotid artery (ICA) anastomosis at the cervical segment forming a large arterial ring have been reported, and it seems to be a variant of the non-bifurcating cervical carotid artery [3]. We wish to bring to your attention a patient showing not only a non-bifurcating cervical carotid artery on one side but also EC-IC anastomosis on the contralateral side. This case suggests that there is a relationship between a nonbifurcating cervical carotid artery and ring formation of the cervical carotid artery.A 71-year-old man underwent CT angiography (CTA) of the extracranial neck vessels, because anomalies of bilateral cervical carotid arteries were discovered at a medical checkup. CTA showed that the right distal common carotid artery changed in caliber at the level of the C6 vertebral body. The major branches of the proximal ECA arose separately from the terminal segment of the common carotid artery or proximal ICA without a proximal main trunk of the ECA (Fig. 1). Thereafter, the artery continued as a normal ICA in the cranial portion.The left carotid bifurcation was located at the level of the C6 vertebral body. The ICA and ECA anastomosed at midcervical level to form a large arterial ring at the proximal cervical segment (Fig. 1).Morimoto et al.[2] first used the term "non-bifurcating cervical carotid artery" as variations/anomalies at the cervical carotid artery in 1990. A non-bifurcating cervical carotid artery is rare, and the overall incidence of the anomaly detected by magnetic resonance angiography was 0.21% [4]. Two hypotheses have been proposed for the development of a non-bifurcating carotid artery [5][6][7]. The first is agenesis of the common stem of the ECA with regression failure of the hyoid artery. The second is segmental agenesis of the ICA.Embryologically, the cervical carotid arteries develop by complicated processes of regression, and the communication within the vascular network consists of the ventral aorta, dorsal aorta, aortic arches, and intersegmental arteries. The ventral aorta and dorsal aorta communicate via aortic arches. Among them, the first aortic arch (mandibular artery) further regresses, while the second aortic arch (hyoid artery) continues to the stapedial artery. It is generally thought that the ECA develops from both the ventral pharyngeal artery system and the hyoid artery system. According to Lasjaunias et al. [8], the occipital artery (OA) is formed from the proatlantal artery and arises from the primitive ICA, ECA, and vertebral artery at points determined by the sites of regression. In our case, the OAs arose from the right IC and left EC, respectively. When the

The protocol using T2-weighted imaging and an ADC map showed higher accuracy for the detection of anterior prostate cancer than for the detection of posterior prostate cancer.

The effect of low concentration sevoflurane and halothane on the ventilatory response to isocapnic hypoxia was studied in sixteen cats. The cats were divided into two groups, sevoflurane group and halothane group, of eight subjects each. As parameters of the hypoxic ventilatory response, A value [the slope of the hyperbolic curve, V(E) = V(0) + A/(Pa(O)(2)-32)] and ratio of V(50) (the minute volume obtained from the hyperbolic equation when Pa(O)(2) = 50 mmHg) to V(0) were studied. These two parameters were examined at three states, sedative state with ketamine as the control, ketamine plus 0.1 MAC inhalation anesthetic, and ketamine plus 0.5 MAC inhalation anesthetic. In the sevoflurane group, the A values were 4789 +/- 1518, 2187 +/- 1214, 1730 +/- 880 (mean +/- SE. ml.min(-1).mmHg) at the control state, 0.1 MAC and 0.5 MAC, respectively. In the halothane group, the A values were 6411 +/- 2368, 2529 +/- 842 and 2372 +/- 545, respectively. The ratios of V(50) to V(0) were 1.32 +/- 0.09, 1.22 +/- 0.09, 1.25 +/- 0.08 in the sevoflurane group, 1.47 +/- 0.18, 1.32 +/- 0.11, 1.54 +/- 0.18 in the halothane group, respectively. The A value at 0.1 MAC of the halothane group was less than the control value significantly. This proved that even low concentration halothane depressed the hypoxic ventilatory responses. The depression of hypoxic ventilatory response could cause postanesthetic hypoventilation. On the other hand, we could not find significant depression on the hypoxic ventilatory response in the sevoflurane group, but we should notice that variances of the hypoxic ventilatory response were large.