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An extracellular alkaline lipase of alkalophilic Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes F-111 was purified to homogeneity. The apparent molecular weight determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 32,000, and the isoelectric point was 7.3. With p-nitrophenyl esters as its substrates, the enzyme shows preference for C 12 acyl and C 14 acyl groups. It was stable in the pH range of 6 to 10, which coincides with the optimum pH range.

An extracellular lipase, which is produced by theNeurospora sp. TT‐241 strain, grown on wheat bran at 30°C for 4 d, was purified 370‐fold with an overall yield of 16%. The molecular weight was determined to be 55 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimal pH at 30°C and optimal temperature at pH 6.5 were 7 and 45°C, respectively. The lipase was stable in the pH range of 5 to 8, and it was temperature‐sensitive. It was active on a wide range of natural substrates of either vegetable or animal origins and towardp‐nitrophenyl esters, greatly favoring those containing C4 acyl groups. It cleaved all of the ester bonds of triolein; however, the 1‐ or 3‐ester bond was the preferred target. A complete inhibition by diisopropyl fluorophosphate suggested the presence of a serine residue at the active site. Partial inhibition was shown by either Hg2+ or chloramine T. Enzyme activity persisted in nonionic surfactants, a water‐miscible solvent (dimethylsulfoxide), and a water‐immiscible solvent (hexane).

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Fabrication and characterization of YBa2Cu3Oy Josephson junctions with step-edge, bi-epitaxial, and sandwich geometries are performed in this study to investigate the effects of microwave irradiation on the I–V characteristics. I–V curves under microwave irradiation reveal Shapiro steps. The width of the constant voltage steps were modulated by the microwave power. The period of the magnetic induction ΔB detected from the V–Φ curves for superconducting quantum interference devices is temperature dependent. Additionally, Tc and Ic of the proximity sandwich junctions are enhanced by the microwave irradiation.