Abstract. This paper aims to develop a strategy for architectural knowledge modeling in order to actively support the built heritage conservation process by fostering collaboration among stakeholders and interoperability between datasets. The integration of two modeling systems, one ontology-based and one in BIM environment, seems to be the right way to meet this objective: the former is rather exhaustive to represent the semantic contents of conservation activities, especially non-geometrical data, the latter is absolutely suitable to represent the logic of the construction, above all geometrical-constructive aspects typical of any architectural organism. Thus, this study proposes a side-by-side approach to synchronize these different ways of representing reality by managing the complexity of cultural heritage on the one hand and of technology tools, such as information systems, on the other. The proposed methodology was tested on the city walls of San Ginesio (Macerata, Italy) and included different steps considering the in-use technologies (notably geomatics and information technologies) as key enablers to acquire, hierarchically order, model and enrich the knowledge of that heritage site. The result is a knowledge-led strategy moving from survey to HBIM implementation, as a way to enhance representation and management in architectural heritage processes.
This study focuses on modeling the fourth dimension of historic architectures with an HBIM approach and special regard to stratigraphic analysis. The goal is to push the limits of current technology to understand the history of buildings, with impacts on protecting their authenticity; it is pursued with a practitioners-oriented methodology able to make aware models of their phases. The target audience are experts in the field of heritage conservation, while the outcome is to support long-term strategies for the sustainable management of heritage. Contents follow this structure: (1) Introduction: this section frames the benefits of affirming heritage’s physical authenticity and managing risks; it clarifies assumptions and the research aim; (2) State of the Art: this highlights the topic relevance, which is not yet fully resolved, focusing on semantics, critical-interpretative data control, and on the automation of some crucial results; (3) Materials and Methods: this describes the integrated workflow, including the photogrammetric acquisition, modeling, and data enrichment, the semi-automatic Harris matrix construction, and the optimization of laser data; (4) Results: this presents the results of modelling stratigraphic units, enriching them with information according to a semantics coherent with the conservation process, to govern the temporal relations while automating key outputs; (5) Discussion: this section refines the implemented solutions and introduce future works.
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Gender inequality remains a pervasive issue. Women are more likely to be poorer and to have fewer assets; for instance, they are half as likely as men to own land. 16 Geographical inequality is also stark, with clear north/ south and rural/urban divides. Rural poverty is now almost four times as high as urban poverty. 17 Ghana must tackle inequality if it wants to ensure a more prosperous future for all Ghanaians and meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It must do so for three key reasons:
For decades, the IMF imposed policy conditions on countries which worsened economic inequality. However, today the IMF has an inequality agenda that calls for action to tackle the inequality crisis. What is the IMF doing in practice to operationalize that agenda? The IMF's main initiative has been a series of pilots that integrate inequality analysis into its economic surveillance of countries. Oxfam's evaluation of these pilots finds they are not promoting policies that reduce inequality. 4 3. The IMF should also insist that country authorities set clear targets to reduce inequality, to be agreed with citizens, as part of their medium-term development plans and in line with their commitments under SDG 10.
This paper was written by Chiara Mariotti. Oxfam acknowledges the assistance of Gideon Rabinowitz, Claire Spoors, Oli Pearce, Francesca Rhodes and Anna Marriott in its production. It is part of a series of papers written to inform public debate on development and humanitarian policy issues.
This article argues that people involuntarily displaced by development projects face the risk of adverse incorporation into local processes of development, and that resettlement programmes should aim at mitigating this risk. The article also contends that investigating the risk of adverse incorporation enables the identification of context-specific factors and processes that are likely to affect the outcomes of resettlement. The argument is applied to the case of the Polavaram dam in Andhra Pradesh, India, which will displace 200,000 people. It demonstrates that the affected people face the risk of being exposed to landlessness, fragmentation of landholdings, and casualisation of labour as a result of resettlement.Cet article soutient que les personnes involontairement déplacées par des projets de développement sont confrontées au risque d'incorporation négative dans des processus locaux de développement, et que les programmes de réinstallation devraient chercher à atténuer ce risque. Cet article soutient par ailleurs qu'en enquêtant sur le risque d'incorporation négative on peut identifier des facteurs et processus propres au contexte qui sont susceptibles d'influer sur les résultats de la réinstallation. L'argument est appliqué au cas du barrage de Polavaram, dans l'État d'Andhra Pradesh, en Inde, qui entraînera le déplacement de 200 000 personnes. Il montre que les personnes touchées risquent de se retrouver sans terres, et d'assister à la fragmentation de leurs parcelles et à la précarisation du travail suite à la réinstallation.El presente artículo sostiene que las personas que deben desplazarse involuntariamente debido a la implementación de proyectos de desarrollo enfrentan el riesgo de ser incorporadas adversamente en los procesos de desarrollo locales, por lo que los programas de reasentamiento deberían ayudar a mitigar dicho riesgo. Asimismo, el artículo afirma que la investigación acerca del riesgo de la incorporación adversa permite identificar los factores y los procesos propios de cierto contexto, los cuales probablemente afectarán los resultados que conlleve la reubicación. Esta perspectiva fue aplicada al caso de la represa de Polavaram en Andhra Pradesh, India, cuya construcción desplazó a 200 mil personas. El artículo muestra que, a partir del desplazamiento, las personas afectadas se encuentran en riesgo de convertirse en desposeídas de tierra, de que sus tierras se fraccionen y de que su mano de obra se precarice.
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